Emily Murphy, Canadian Womens Rights Activist

Emily Murphy (March 14, 1868–Oct. 27, 1933) was a strong advocate for Canadian women and children who led four other women, collectively called the Famous Five, in the Persons Case, which established the status of women as persons under the British North America (BNA) Act. An 1876 ruling had said that women are not persons in matters of rights and privileges in Canada. She also was the first female police magistrate in Canada and in the British Empire. Fast Facts: Emily Murphy Known For: Canadian womens rights activistBorn: March 14, 1868 in Cookstown, Ontario, CanadaParents: Isaac and Emily FergusonDied: Oct. 27, 1933 in Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaEducation:  Bishop Strachan SchoolPublished Works:  The Black Candle, The Impressions of Janey Canuck Abroad,  Janey Canuck in the West,  Open Trails, Seeds of PineAwards and Honors: Recognized as a  Person of National Historic Significance  by the government of CanadaSpouse: Arthur MurphyChildren: Madeleine, Evelyn, Doris, KathleenNotable Quote: We want women leaders today as never before. Leaders who are not afraid to be called names and who are willing to go out and fight. I think women can save civilization. Women are persons. Early Life Emily Murphy was born on March 14, 1868, in Cookstown, Ontario, Canada. Her parents, Isaac and Emily Ferguson, and her grandparents were well-to-do and highly educated. Two relatives had been Supreme Court justices, while her grandfather Ogle R. Gowan was a politician and newspaper owner. She was brought up on equal footing with her brothers, and, at a time when girls were often uneducated, Emily was sent to the prestigious Bishop Strachan School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. While she was at school in Toronto, Emily met and married Arthur Murphy, a theological student who became an Anglican minister. The couple moved to Manitoba, and in 1907 they relocated to Edmonton, Alberta. The Murphys had four daughters—Madeleine, Evelyn, Doris, and Kathleen. Doris died in childhood, and some accounts say Madeline died at an early age as well. Early Career Murphy wrote four popular books of patriotic travel sketches under the pen name Janey Canuck between 1901 and 1914 and was the first woman appointed to the Edmonton Hospital Board in 1910. She was active in pressuring the Alberta government to pass the Dower Act, a 1917 law that prevents a married person  from selling the home without the consent of the spouse. She was a member of the Equal Franchise League and worked with activist Nellie McClung on winning voting rights for women. First Woman Magistrate In 1916, when she was prevented from attending a trial of prostitutes because it was deemed unsuitable for mixed company, Murphy protested to the attorney general and demanded that a special police court be set up to try women and that a female magistrate be appointed to preside over the court. The attorney general agreed and appointed Murphy as the police magistrate for the court in Edmonton, Alberta. On her first day in court, Murphys appointment was challenged by a lawyer because women were not considered persons under the BNA Act. The objection was overruled frequently and in 1917, the Alberta Supreme Court ruled that women were persons in Alberta. Murphy allowed her name to be put forward as a candidate for the Senate but was turned down by Prime Minister Robert Borden because the BNA Act still did not recognize women for consideration as senators. The Persons Case From 1917 to 1929, Murphy spearheaded the campaign to have a woman appointed to the Senate. She led the Famous Five in the Persons Case, which eventually established that women were persons under the BNA Act and so were qualified to be members of the Canadian Senate. Murphy became president of the new Federation of Womens Institutes in 1919. Murphy was active in many reform activities in the interests of women and children, including womens property rights under the Dower Act and the vote for women. She also worked to promote changes to the laws on drugs and narcotics. Controversial Causes Murphys varied causes led to her becoming a controversial figure. In 1922, she wrote The Black Candle about drug trafficking in Canada, advocating for laws against the use of drugs and narcotics. Her writing reflected the belief, typical of the times, that poverty, prostitution, alcohol, and drug abuse were caused by immigrants to western Canada. Like many others in Canadian womens suffrage and temperance groups of the time, she strongly supported the eugenics movement in Western Canada. Along with suffragette McClung and womens rights activist Irene Parlby, she lectured and campaigned for the involuntary sterilization of mentally deficient individuals. In 1928, the Alberta Legislative Assembly made the province the first to approve sterilization under the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act. That law was not repealed until 1972, after nearly 3,000 individuals were sterilized under its authority. In 1933, British Columbia became the only other province to approve involuntary sterilization with a similar law that wasnt repealed until 1973. While Murphy did not become a member of the Canadian Senate, her work raising awareness of womens causes and changing laws to empower women was critical to the 1930 appointment of Cairine Wilson, the first woman to serve in the legislative body. Death Emily Murphy died of diabetes on Oct. 27, 1933, in Edmonton, Alberta. Legacy Though she and the rest of the Famous Five have been hailed for their support of property and voting rights for women, Murphys reputation suffered from her support for eugenics, her criticism of immigration, and her expressed concern that other races might take over white society. She warned that the upper crust with its delicious plums and dash of cream is likely to become at any time a mere toothsome morsel for the hungry, the abnormal, the criminals and the posterity of insane paupers.† Despite the controversies, there are statues dedicated to Murphy and other members of the Famous Five on  Parliament Hill in Ottawa and in the Olympic Plaza in Calgary. She also was named a  Person of National Historic Significance  by the Canadian government in 1958. Sources â€Å"Emily Murphy.†Ã‚  Biography Online.â€Å"Emily Murphy.† The Canadian Encyclopedia.Kome, Penney.  Women of Influence: Canadian Women and Politics. Toronto, Ontario, 1985. Doubleday Canada.

How Does Network Security Work - 2835 Words

Target, Sony, and Att besides being worldwide business entities what common denominator do all three of these companies have? That’s right, a recent security breach. Some of these data breaches allowed access to thousands of individuals debit card and social security numbers. Others have given access for people to manipulate the networks for their own personal or financial gain. Cyber-attacks are not just limited to department stores, or even banks. Cyber-attacks can happen essentially to any entity with an informational data base. Businesses now are trying to discover new ways to protect their network infrastructures. How Does it Work? First and foremost it is most important to explain how network security works. There are three general types of security controls. These consist of administrative, physical, and technical controls. Administrative controls pertain to how your business has compiled security agreements and how new technology implementation should occur. 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Drama Women in Black Review free essay sample

The theatre is of Victorian style with ornate decorations and red carpets and seating, this instantly transport me to the era in which the play is set in the 19th century. The stage is open for the audience to see before the play starts and is set out as the stage in a small theatre, a basket for props, two chairs, a rack of costumes and buckets catching water from a leaky roof. The most important part of the set though was the gauze at the back of the stage separating a separate scene behind and revealing it hen needed using lighting. This combination of props and structure conveys the location strongly to the audience without being so defined that it is not possible to change the scene. While we waited there was no background music which gave a slightly eerie edge to the wait. The play started in the theatre depicted on the stage and almost immediately the humour as Mr Kipps’s is reading his memoirs and you don’t think it is going to be horror at all and I think this could be done to lulled the audience into a false sense of security which made shocks later in the play a lot more effective. The most important element of the play I feel was the lighting the spotlights was used to great effect and to draw attention to their facial expressions. Also it allowed the gauze to be rendered opaque or see through at the click of a switch which enabled the stage hands to change set whilst the play continued allowing for swift changes as if actually by magic the gauze also made what was going on behind it look blurry and you couldn’t really see what was going on. Another effective use of lighting was the torch when Kipps is searching the house for the ghost and when he sits down shines the beam above and behind him to reveal the woman in black standing behind him, the torch is clearly specially narrow beamed so that only a small area is visible and the audience feels the tension as they realise that the woman in black is lurking in the shadows. Again in the church scene gauze added to the impression of the dinginess that without it the scene wouldn’t have had. One use of lighting that I felt really was crucial to the scene was when Kipps is walking up the staircase towards the nursery with the rocking chair, the entire image is dark which turned an innocent act like walking up a staircase into a way of creating more tension in the audience, as well as Kipps the woman in black is seen on the stairs which allows here black clothes to be darkened even more and only her white face is visible to the audience. Lighting was important but sound was just as important. The reason the sound worked was mainly due to the fact that it was only ever used in context and were it definitely added to the play. The background sound really drew the audience into the scene from the harsh rattling of the pony and trap to the warm conversation in the bar. It was especially effective for indicating the presence of objects hidden in swirling mist or supernatural noises. This was particularly the case in the scene were the young Kipps is lost in the sea mists and he hears a pony and trap coming towards him, however neither he or the audience can see it and the fear that it will pass right by him builds the tension so that when the sound of a crash is heard the audience is horrified rather than slightly scared. Obviously the most important use of sound was the scream of the woman in black, at the moments of highest tension in the play the bloodcurdling cry shattered the atmosphere a. The real thing that made these screams so perfect were the pauses of absolute silence before and after in which one could have cut the atmosphere with a knife and the audience was so drawn into the play it was so quite you that you would of heard a pin drop. Costume was simple with slight changes. The rack to one side of the stage was hung with a coat a hat and a scarf. One use of costume was when the real Mr Kipps was playing the employer of Mr Kipps (actor) simply by using subtle mannerisms and wearing him glasses on the tip of his nose like a man who looks down even on those taller than himself. The scarf and coat were not worn prior to journeys to and from the house this gave itself the idea of the bleak cold isolated marshes with the sea mists. The character costumes were each well thought out, the actor was dressed in trousers braces and smart jacket. Mr Kipps dressed in a grey worn suit which enhances his lack of self-confidence. However the most impressive costume by far is that of the woman in black. Dressed entirely in a black Victorian high necked dress, a bonnet covered the head and face except from front so you can see her scary white complexion with sunken eye sockets and weathered skin. A truly terrifying character but with very simple but effective clothes. The black clothing allowed her to move around the stage and appear without being noticed. The best acting performance I felt was that of the real Mr Kipps. The way he started the play on the note of humour with a dull tone of voice and then as if by magic switches band become a man with no fear as the solicitor’s representative in the village. Also not only his ability to play the multiple roles that were required of his character was impressive he very clearly changed his characters abilities as the play progressed from the boring dull acting as his own assistant to the amazing change to his. Throughout each character he played was believable no matter how strange they were. The younger actor playing Actor was also impressive and made a wonderful impression as the young Arthur Kipps and played out the dramatic scenes fantastically. The fear that the audience feels throughout is due to the tension being created on stage. Not once did the play become exaggerated, over-the-top or false although he played the articulate confident actor very well and his character was as stereotypical as it could have been without seeming ridiculous. His cocked eyebrow and powerful stance hinted at a feeling of slight superiority. One of the most effective moments in the play personally was when the woman in black is seen rocking in her chair behind the gauze, manic music playing in the background, her hair messy and we could see a vision or a woman destroyed by grief her suddenly mid rock runs off the stage. This was not so much a scary moment more of a disturbing one showing him life of someone clearly very distraught. I thought was the way in which she rocked violently even though her gaze never moved and showed she had complete focus. The fact it was so realistic production was far more frightening than any horror film. Packed with twists, turns and unexpected surprises, this production leaves the audience with goose bumps and even, in some cases, shaking with fear. Hanging on the fantastic performances of the two-man cast, this is an incredibly well produced and effectively spooky play and I thoroughly enjoyed it.

When thinking about War, what ... free essay sample

When thinking about War, what is something that comes to mind? What comes to most minds is that a war that has innocent people killing other innocent people, ruled by one guy. The same thing happens in William Goldings Lord of the Flies. Jack is just like this, he is that one guy ruling a bunch of innocent people. In this case, Simon is one of those innocent people who was killed by some of the other innocent adolescents. There was no reason for Simon to die the way he did, because it wasnt right. Simon was only an innocent child but he didnt follow Jacks rules so he had to die, because he wouldnt listen. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, testing human nature goes into this novel and shows how civilization was stripped away; ideals, morals, and values are destroyed. Adolescents and littluns are trapped on an island without adults supervision. We will write a custom essay sample on When thinking about War, what or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have to survive on their own but they dont know how too. They are slowly destroying each other by choosing one person to be in charge. Which slowly gets everyone killing each other off and splitting the adolescents and the littluns. These children are used to having an ideal place to know what to do and when to do it, but when they are stranded by themselves, they arent sure of what to do. Each child has their own values and with these values they try to keep to them so they dont lose themselves. For example, we have Jack, whose values are individualism, not trustworthiness, selfish and irresponsible. Then we have Simon values that are caring, nice, helpful, and unselfish. Piggys values are orderly, smart, independent and mature. Lastly we have Ralph, whose values are responsible, good leadership skills, and strict. Each one of these characters values show throughout the novel, their worth to each other and the readers.When reading Lord of the Flies, notice that you are living through the trouble of a society set up and run by a group of marooned British teenagers. Golding believes that the nature of an individual is evil, which is why he states in the book What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages? (112). He isnt sure of what we are, and he is just trying to figure that out for himself and try to explain to us what he thinks. Harry S. Babb says in his interpretation of Lord of the Flies that an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. The moral is that the shape of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system [. . .] The whole book is symbolic in nature [. . .] (95). This shows us how the kids have no sense of direction and how they should be acting. These kids are use to having so much structure and now that they are on this island all by themselves they dont know whats right and whats wrong. These children try to do what they think is right but end up hurting each other instead. When seeing each adolescent, it is known that they are different from one another. Jack shows the evil of the individuals through the actions of how he was the cause of two members deaths, Simon and Piggy, and then attempted to murder Ralph, by doing so this caused the ultimate destruction of the island. Jack has a natural craving to be number one, he has to have anything go his way and only his way. He was not satisfied with only being the leader of the hunters, and this ultimately caused many of the conflicts in the novel. As a senior member of the group, Jack felt that he had every right to be a leader and in that he caused the downfall of the society. He used the skills he learned as the leader of the hunters to turn the society against Ralph and the members that would not follow him in his attempted to be number one. As for Simon, he is the one member that seems to have an ounce of goodness in him. Simon helps those who no one else will. Perhaps remembering that he was look down upon once. He realizes what its like to be scorned and to be the little one, so he tries to make it less miserable for the outcasts by being kind to them. Simon always wants to always help others, so when he discovers the beast is inside of everyone, he instantly runs down the mountain to tell him. He helps others even to the point of death which is where this goodness soon leads to his death, because he goes to find out what is in the trees and the kids think he is a monster and murder him. Simon is the only member of the group who realizes that the monster is actually a spreading fear through the group. Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! (Golding 194). This is what they were chanting while they killed Simon. It shows how truly violent and evil these Adolescent and littluns became. Now Piggy, he is the smart and creative member in this group. Piggy is kind because of his desire to be normal. He never fit in before because of his fatness, glasses, and ass-mar, but on the island he feels that he can fit in with others if he is nice to them. He shows this when he tries to comfort Ralph after most of the groups leave for Jack. He is also constantly encouraging to Ralph, telling him that theyll be okay, and that they can live without the others. Piggy wants desperately to be part of something, so he finds anyway he can to be helpful and kind to the leader. His role as Ralphs lieutenant eventually leads to his death. His loyalty to Ralph is why Jack has him killed. Piggy is killed by Jacks assistant Roger with a bolder. Which is better-to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill (Golding 231). These were piggys last words. Nobody cared about what Piggy had to say, they were to stubborn to listen and because of it, Piggy died. Claire Rosenfield states in her writing of Men of a Smaller Growth : A Psychological Analysis of William Goldings Lord of the Flies, that Piggy is a description of the stereotype image of the old man who has more-than-human wisdom. Piggy is like the father figure that they dont have sense they are on the island by themselves. Piggys role- as mans reasoning faculties. And as a father- derives some of its complexity from the fact that the fire which the children foster and guard on the mountain in the hope of communication with the adult world is lighted with his glasses (5). This is telling us that Piggy is shown as a father figure and that he knows what its like to be in the adult world and its not fun and games like it is for kids. It is strictly doing what youre supposed to do, to have structure. Then theres Ralph, he is the one that tries to civilize the boys and in this effort that he eventually becomes the hunted member of the group. Ralph starts off the book by showing his kindness and goodness. As a leader, he desires for all the boys to be safely rescued and for them to be taken care of. He starts with the best intentions in mind, and wants to have the best for everyone, but as the novel continues the evil intensifies. Ralph wont participate in the wickedness of others. He keeps away from evil by having quiet times by himself and keeping his goal to be rescued, at the top of his priorities. He eventually realizes that evil exists only inside the boys, and he is determined not to let the evilness get a hold of him. As for Jacks attempt to get the power, he turns the boys against Ralph and tries to have him murdered. Arnold Johnston states in his Lord of the flies : Fable, Myth, and Fiction; There is clashing beliefs when it says The real problem that arises among the boys involves their own inner nature, and emerges most directly from a clash between those who wish to keep a fire burning on the islands mountain to attract rescuers and those who wish to hut and indulge i n what at first seems to be the natural inclination of children toward unrestrained play (121). This is telling us that the problem is from each boy letting their inner nature come out and show who they really are and how they actually act towards other people around them. They know how to follow and not lead for themselves. They feel the need to follow someone to fit into this new civilization to them. Everyone follows Jack on trying to kill Ralph, they try to smoke Ralph out which causes the destruction of the island and shows the true evils of Jack as an individual, and how all he wanted was power over everyone, but Ralph, Piggy and Simon wouldnt let that happen, and Jack did not like that at all. Golding says that His mind was crowded with memories; memories of the knowledge that has come to them when they closed in on the struggling pig, knowledge that they had outwitted a living things, imposed their will upon it, taken away its like a long satisfying drink (84). This quote is from the book, when reading this quote it says that someone couldnt figure out how to d eal with them killing a pig and thats now how they had to live while stuck on that island. The child inherently either good or neutral, manifesting his goodness if left alone and uncorrupted by the adult world or reflecting and recreating the healthy and civilised environment of this initial consciousness(Gindin 154). Reading this from James Gindin, The Fictional Explosion: Lord of the Flies and The Inheritors of the quote from above and how they are similar on if someone isnt sure of how to feel, but they go along with it because they dont want to die. Meanwhile the British are having a war while Golding was writing this book. Golding knew what happened to people after being away from civilization for a long period of time which is what gave him this idea to write about a group of boys stranded on an island, to show how no civilization can show the true evil in someone. It starts off slow and barely noticeable but then Jack goes crazy about not being in charge of everyone. He then starts to have everyone kill people that wont let him be in charge. Innocent people die, because some little brat of a teenager didnt get his way, so he killed them. Golding is just showing us how humans are very shallow creatures and have that deep evil in us not only limited to need but to greed and fake hap piness that we seem to get. Golding also shows us how unstable and weak living humans are. Well soon be like animals anyways . (Golding, 113) He shows how there isnt much that the good has been able to do, mistakes were made. Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy (Golding 261). Quotes from the novel, it shows us how these school boys that were stranded on this island thought it would be fun to not have adult supervision until things went downhill. When they came to this island, they were just innocent, normal school boys. They were happy about the no adults and then celebrated the freedom, just like every kid would do. They played in the lagoon and had so much fun, however they soon gradually became more and more corrupt without knowing it. One of the most well known theme is the beast, which is the boys greatest fear. The boys had came across a dead man with a parachutist and had believed it to be a beast. The beast represents the evil residing within everyone. The beast is used as a reason to avoid self-knowledge. Golding uses the boys daydreams to show their fears and what they want. The beast gives the boys something to fear and to focus on that fear that they have towards it. The beast had teeth . . . and big black eyes (Golding 156). The boys didnt actually see the Beast, they are making this up, which causes their fear to grow more. Leighton Hodson says in The Metaphor of Darkness: Lord of the Flies;Making people understand their own humanity, which Golding sees as the basic quality in a writer, can be narrowed down to mean, in his case, making people become self-aware and honest with themselves about the condition they find themselves in, and the kind of life they lead. This talks about humanity laws and how human nature works. Civilizations ironic response to Ralphs wish for some stabilizing sign from the world of grownups- who parachutes to the island to become The Beast in the eyes of this society (97).When reading Hodsons take on this it just says that, human nature and civilization should be around. It would not be a good idea to not have it cause sooner or later everyone will become savage and kill anyone when they arent getting their way. The whole point to this was to show and tell you that not all humans are as nice as they seem at first, they can start off nice and sweet, but sooner or later you will start to notice something in them come out that you have never seen before and it will not be pretty. Civilization is stripped away from these school boys, and they learn how to slowly make it on their own and it is not an easy thing to learn. The failed to try and keep what they thought was normal civilization to them. Not everywhere you go will have the same type of civilization.

William Paleys Philosophy Argument of Gods Existence

Paley’s argument for God’s existence is a substantial work. The argument is based on multiple points because the philosopher tried to answer to all possible criticisms to his ideas. Paley’s work contains multiple objections and counter-arguments defending the philosopher’s way of thinking.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his work, Paley uses a teleological argument based on the watchmaker analogy. The philosopher compares the creator to a watchmaker and states that the presence of design proves the existence of a designer, although some of his ideas and statements fail to pass a logical approach. The teleological argument stands for the statement that is based on the observations of the outer world and nature. In the very beginning of his, work, Paley compares two situations. I n the first case, a person in the forest finds a stone, and in the second one, a person finds a watch on the ground. In both cases, the finder wonders where the object came from. In the case with a stone, the man believes that it could have been lying there forever, whereas in the case with a watch Paley notes that a person would never assume that the watch came from nowhere or was a part of the surroundings. The philosopher describes the mechanism and constituents of a watch in detail to prove that witnessing such complexity and balanced work of many pieces of various shapes and materials would make the finder think that the watch was created by intelligent thought. Paley states that the finder does not need to know how to make a watch, or how it works, he does not need to know the watchmaker to believe that the complex design of the watch has a purpose and was built by someone. This belief would not change even if the watch did not work properly, or if the finder detected a detail that was unnecessary, or if the finder did not know the purpose of the mechanism. Paley emphasizes that the complexity is what makes the watch different from a stone, it makes the person who found it wonder where it came from and assume that the mechanism has a purpose and was made by an intelligent force.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The philosopher also notes that there is no power that could have made such mechanism apart from an intelligent creator and that the finder holding a watch in their hand would never assume that this complicated object could have been assembled by itself or by some intrinsic principle of order. Paley states that one cannot say that laws of nature are causes of anything, because laws assume power and power assumes an agent that uses it. In the next part of his argument, Paley asks the readers to imagine that the watch found in the forest has a mi raculous ability to reproduce itself. The philosopher assumes that if the watch was impressive for the finder before this new quality was discovered, it means that its discovery would add another reason for the finder to believe that the watch was made by an intelligent creator. Paley believes that a random combination of physical forms could not be considered a cause of a purposeful watch. The philosopher bases this statement on the fact that no one ever witnessed anything like that assembling by itself under the influence of the principle of order. Paley adds that even if the principle of order was the cause of the existence of a mechanism that can reproduce itself, this would not make his argument weaker, on the contrary, this would mean that the intelligent creator standing behind it all is incredibly skilled. The fact that the watch can reproduce itself adds complexity to this object and strengthens the finder’s expectation that the watch has a maker. Besides, the fact t hat the watch can re-create itself does not change the belief that the design implies a designer. Even if there is a chain of self-reproducing watches, this chain cannot be infinite. This leaves the finder with the initial question about the maker of the very first watch. Paley concludes that the design comes from some intelligent source, the creator. To my mind, the strength of Paley’s argument is the fact that it appeals to the typical for humans way of thinking that is based on the unstoppable search for laws and connections between the things around us. People’s attempt to systematize and organize the world around according to certain rules, laws, and similarities is our way of cognition. Paley’s argument is an attempt to rationalize an unexplainable idea of the initial creation using analogy with something more familiar to a human mind. This argument seems quite logical until the reader starts wondering if the author’s assumptions are correct. For ex ample, on what basis does Paley suppose that a person that found a complex device such as a watch in the forest would assume that this object had a creator?Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To know that for sure the scientists have to conduct and experiment by taking a person and presenting them to an unexpected finding. After that, they will see what kind of assumptions this person would make about the object. Besides, I think that these assumptions would also differ depending on the kind of finder that is selected. For example, a modern person familiar with high technologies is most likely to assume that a complex mechanism was made by an intelligent creator, given that the mechanism looks like a mechanism, but not like a stone. At the same time, if the finder is, for example, a tribal dweller of a hill so mewhere in Africa or Asia that has never seen a watch or any other mechanism before it will be very hard to predict what kind of assumptions this person would make. One of the most popular objections to Paley’s work could be the imperfection of the creation as proof of the absence of excellent design and a designer. Paley thought this through and noticed that the presence of unnecessary detail in a watch does not deny the presence of the watchmaker. To my mind, the observation of nature is useful for the cognition of the outer world only when a person can experiment with the object of the study and examine it. The theoretical guesses based on observation of nature can be considered the truth only when there are scientific proofs of these theories and assumptions. Paley’s argument is built on a chain of groundless assumptions and general statements and any facts do not support it. The philosopher describes only one of the possible scenarios, which could happen if a man found a watch on the ground, and assumes that this is the only possible scenario. I think that observation without a scientific experiment is ineffective and confusing; to state something, we need more information than just our observations. Information is gained empirically. Observations alone can give us hypotheses, but not facts. To my mind, one cannot tell if God exists through observations of nature only. This term paper on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence was written and submitted by user TheCapta1n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Judicial Decisions and Interest Groups essays

Judicial Decisions and Interest Groups essays One reason why interest groups form and grow strong is the relative weakness of American political parties. This weakness is due, in turn, to the separation of the three branches of government. Every legislator must summon a winning coalition in his or her own state or district and the coalition is not the same as the majority coalitions of successful assemblies. Splintered party loyalties thus enhance the influence of interest groups (Hays) - during election when financial support becomes critical and after election when the winning candidate gets closely Another reason is the decentralization of political power to states and localities, called federalism or federal system. This conduces to the growth of interest groups, which begins from the state or local level and which, as a consequence of the social and economic diversity, further weakens the party system. Furthermore, the independence of the judiciary encourages the expansion and strength of interest groups on issues not under the control of legislature or bureaucracy (Hays). These groups can, thus, use this clout to achieve policy objectives through the judiciary if they cannot do so by legislative action. And a third reason is public airing of an unlimited range of views and the freedom of the press and assembly. The various media have also been decentralized and this has made it more difficult to pay real attention to these groups. Only the internet has made access to these views easier. But these traditional realities, in general, provide the momentum and venue for the formation and power of such groups. The three major types of interest groups are business, labor and agriculture. Agricultural interest groups have waned because of the decline in the number of farmers in the USA (Hays). Major corporations are also major players in the economy, for which elected officials are held accountable. This w...

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay - 2

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - Essay Example He adopts a persuasive narration against slavery by explaining some of the ordeals he witnessed and expects that the reader should commit to freeing slaves since it is just, unconstitutional and unscriptural. It is axiomatic to squabble that slavery did not only negatively affect the slaves but also the slave owners. The slaves were denied some of the fundamental basic human rights. Slave owners treated slaves inhumanely to convince themselves that they were not equal to other human beings. The masters however did not realize that they were themselves becoming beasts by treating slaves in that manner. Most of the Masters became piously religiously so that they could not see themselves as depraved, brutal wretch. They were forced to pervert the Bible to justify slavery. He championed for the rights of the slaves and held that they were human and deserved to be treated equally. Douglas states that â€Å"I assert most unhesitatingly, that the religion of the South is a mere covering fo r the most horrid crimes—a justifier of the most appalling barbarity†¦a shelter under†¦which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds of slaveholders find the strongest protection† (86) He argued that they were compared to horses in the farms. He presents that Sophia Auld treated him as a property and the initial efforts to educate him was thwarted by the husband. I his argument he held that slaves were like any other human being and should enjoy freedom enjoyed by the slave owners. (Douglass, 67)

Extended Passage Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Extended Passage Analysis - Essay Example In the words of Begley, â€Å"they sired children not only with willing mates, but also with unwilling ones, allowing them to leave more offspring (also carrying rape genes) who were similarly more likely to survive and reproduce, unto the nth generation,† (2009, P 1). This paper will argue that Thornhill and Palmer’s proposal lacked scientific as well as factual merits to hold ground using extended passage analysis. Step 2 Assess for soundness (4 points). 1[Evolutionary psychology came after sociobiology in the 1980s]. 2[The theory asserts that fitness advantage during the evolution process resulted to aggressive behaviors such as the act of raping for men who carry the genes]. 3[Its genetic nature makes the behavior heritable and is passed from one generation to the next]. 4[They proposed that proximate causes may cause a man to rape and these proximate causes include sexual arousal, feelings of inadequacy, hatred for a family member (either father or mother), drunk t oo much, too much testosterone in his body, and even â€Å"a rare violence inducing gene† (4) among others]. ... 8[To contradict its own, the authors quoted Ridley (1987) On the Origin of Species of which â€Å"Natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinizing, throughout the world, every variations, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good, silently and insensibly working†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p 87, quoted by Thornhill and Palmer, 2001, 5)]. 9[Reproductive success as a good one for the authors meant production of offspring that survive to produce offspring as they referred to earlier work of Palmer and Steadman, 1997)]. 10[This is undesirable in terms of morality but good in terms of biological discussion (Thornhill and Palmer, 2001)]. 11[The American Psychiatric Association (1994) suggested that experience of rape is usually associated with the development of persistent psychological distress or posttraumatic stress disorder or PTSD]. 12[This is characterized by â€Å"unwanted thoughts, images and dreams, avoidance of reminders of the trauma,† among others (Littleton and Henderson, 2009, p 149)]. 13[Described in a very negative manner, the experience of rape assumes a bad or negative experience, thereby, something that many women will not choose to happen to themselves again]. 14[Rape constitutes two beings – the rapist and the victim]. 15[Reproduction, too, consists of two beings and of two opposite sex – the male and the female]. 16[If it is natural to humans to evolve based on natural selection, the raped, pregnant woman who considered rape as bad or negative, therefore, insensibly rejected the bad (Ridley, 1987)]. 17[In a study by Gurven and Hill et (2008) applying evolutionary psychology, it calculated how rape would affect the evolutionary

Organizational Learning and Development - Research report on Essay

Organizational Learning and Development - Research report on CREATIVITY and INNOVATION in an organization - Essay Example A team headed by an HR executive hired for the purpose made a survey on the input and output rendered in the system. To the surprise of all, the team arrived at a finding that the level of creativity before computerisation was relatively high. The fall in creativity lead to nil innovation albeit scores of channels were available to finish the job in no time. The team sample picked a section comprising about thirty employees who gave relatively greater output during the regime of their manual working pattern. The team found that the employees who were new to the use of computers in their work field were over loaded with technical bottle-necks, which they were forced to get redressed with the help of computer engineer on visit to the firm only on call. The types of fall in creativity and the cause were analysed and arrived at a point that the administration in its stubborn ambition of modernisation by computerisation paid very little heed to the human resource and related innovative possibilities. Compulsion to give their output only through computers – hitherto unacquainted -- had formed a sort of psychic inhibition in the minds of the employees, a chunk of who were even mentally forced to quit the job. The team empirically permitted a couple of the employees who were giving much yield in their pre-computer era to have a manual back up and condoned the delay for such additional load of work. In addition they were afforded incentives even for paltry improvements in their technical operations. Over a spell of 90 days the two employees began to excel in computer operations and were willing to work only with computers bidding a bye to traditional type of manual work. Thus freedom in their realm of activities and rewards made employees to come up with a flood of new ideas. Imparting training in the field clubbed with freedom certainly improved the level of creativity and innovation. Creativity although is universally accepted as a needful and useful

Statistics with Aviation Application

Statistics with Aviation Application Christopher Wright   A. Type ofstatistical testyou planto conduct(check one, and giverelevantdetails) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¨ 1-sample t-test a) Target population: b) Research variable: c) Research question: d) Expected result: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¨ matched pairs t-test a) Target population(s): b) The research variable will be the difference between and c) Research question: d) Expected result: à ¢Ã…“â€Å" 2-sample t-test a) Target populations (2): Total travel time between Midway and Denver Houston and Denver b) Research variable: Average total travel time c) Research question: Is the average total travel time flying into Denver from Midway and Houston the same? d) Expected result: The average total travel time is not the same. B. Data collection plan(check one,and give relevant details) à ¢Ã…“â€Å" I will use data from a file. Give name of file and details below. I will be using the Southwest Airline Data found in StatCrunch to test my hypothesis. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I will obtain data from a website(s). Give Name of website(s), full URLs and details below. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¨ Other data collection plan: Give specific details below. Project plan is: NOT Accepted x AcceptedDate 3/2/17 Instructor Initials SH Introduction The intent of this t-Test project is to study and determine the average total travel times between Midway International airport (MDW) and Denver International airport (DEN) William P. Hobby airport (HOU) and Denver International airport (DEN). Geographically speaking, both routes travel nearly the same distance with the final destination being DEN. This begs the question, is the average total travel time flying into DEN from MDW and HOU the same? To test this question, this paper will review a random sample of travel times between both routes of travel. Common sense tells us that even though the distance traveled to DEN for both routes is nearly the same, there are other variables (ex. ground delays, maintenance and weather) that can affect the total travel time of an aircraft. Therefore, the hypothesis will be that the average total travel time between the two routes will not be the same. This study will only be discussing all Southwest Airline flights departing from MDW and HOU traveling to DEN. A random sample of 50 routes will be collected and tested. The focus variable will be the average total travel time between the two respective locations and will be collected and calculated in minutes. It is important to note that the result of this test will only be valid within the test parameters. (Source: ForeFlight) Study Design The study will be conducted as a two-sample t-Test with a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. Hypotheses:H0: ÃŽÂ ¼1 = ÃŽÂ ¼2 (MDW-DEN and HOU-DEN routes have the same mean travel time) Ha: ÃŽÂ ¼1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   ÃŽÂ ¼2 (MDW-DEN and HOU-DEN routes do not have the same mean travel time) To test whether the total travel for both routes is the same, we will state that the null hypothesis is that the total travel time for both routes is the same. The alternative hypothesis will propose that the total travel time for both routes is not the same. The formulation of the hypothesis for this study will produce a two-tailed (left and right) result. Data The data for this study was collected and is maintained by Embry-Riddle. It is located on the StatCrunch website under the MATH 211/222 data set group. The data that was collected was a sample of overall operations with Southwest Airlines at the Midway (MDW), Houston (HOU), and Dallas Love (DAL) airports. Southwest airlines operates from these airports almost every day and at multiple times during the day. For the sample to be representative of the overall population, it would have to mimic these population parameters. The sample that was collected does just that. It is representative of the overall population of all Southwest Airline operations at MDW, HOU, and DAL because the data includes information from different days and times. This fact also lends itself to the avoidance of bias. The other key with avoiding bias is to be as random as possible while still representing the parameters of the overall population. Furthermore, for the purposes of this assignment we will assume that the appropriate steps were taken by Embry-Riddle to provide its students that avoided bias to the best extent possible. From the large compilation of data, we will now shift the focus to the specific data to be tested. The data from Figure 1, located in the appendix, is the 50 specific data points that will be tested and includes the total travel times of both routes. To continue with preparation for the t-Test, we will ensure that the samples are independent and that the size is normal. The samples are independent because you can only be on one route of flight at a time, either traveling from MDW or HOU to DEN. Finally, for the purposes of this study will say that 50 data points (meeting the assignment requirement) is large enough, and therefore normal. Figure 2 Figure 3Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6Figure 7 Descriptive Statistics After ensuring that the data meets all conditions required for our particular confidence level of 95%, it is important to describe the data through statistical analysis and graphs (Figures 2 through 8). Figures 4 and 7 show that both sets of data have symmetrical distribution with little skew in either direction. Note thought that figure 4 displays Figure 8 a greater standard deviation. The boxplots (figures 3 and 6) help better describe figures 2 and 5, but are more effectively displayed with a side by side plotting as shown in figure 8. There we see that the medians are within 5 minutes of each other and that the data is not vastly separated. We can see that most of the data points from the HOU-DEN route would fit within the MDW-DEN IQR; and that all of the HOU-DEN sample data would fit within the bounds of the min and max data points for MDW-DEN. This side by side comparison makes a strong argument that even through there are differences between the data of both routes, those diff erences may not be statically large enough to reject the null hypotheses. Findings Original Question: Is the average total travel time flying into DEN from MDW and HOU the same? Hypotheses:H0: ÃŽÂ ¼1 = ÃŽÂ ¼2 (MDW-DEN and HOU-DEN routes have the same mean travel time) Ha: ÃŽÂ ¼1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   ÃŽÂ ¼2 (MDW-DEN and HOU-DEN routes do not have the same mean travel time) As we previously discussed, the initial look and plotting of the data showed that even though the routes were different, the data was close enough that it may not be statistically different enough to reject the null hypotheses. When looking at figure 10 and 11 to comparing the p-value (0.1627) to the significance level (0.05), we find that the p-value is larger and therefore we do not reject the null hypothesis. This supports the expected findings and shows that even though the data between the two routes was slightly different, it was still not statistically different enough to reject the null hypothesis. In figure 9, the 95% confidence interval is 4.885  ± 3.445, or about (-1.44, 8.33). This confidence interval includes 0 and therefore both the null and alternate hypothesis are plausible. Only after conducting the hypothesis test were we able to conclude not to reject the null hypothesis. Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Test Results Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Final Discussion In conclusion, we see that the average travel times between MDW and DEN HOU and DEN are very similar. So similar that we were unable to reject the alternative hypothesis that they were not the same. The results we obtained in the test were expected, especially considering that the distance traveled for each route is nearly the same. The biggest take away from this project is how close all of the data was for both routes. This shows just how accurate Southwest Airlines can be when it publishes the average times of travel for these routes, and also how effectively the can plan out their flying schedule. Specifically for the test conducted, we can see just how consistent their average flying time is between destinations separated by the same approximate distance. Appendix Total Travel Time Samples MDW-DEN Time HOU-DEN Time 151 154 157 149 144 140 146 141 163 136 146 135 148 143 133 134 131 135 136 132 135 135 128 142 127 141 139 146 138 138 131 148 144 153 145 144 163 146 131 165 150 151 147 143 144 166 149 149 148 151 Figure 1 Sources: ForeFlight. Vers. 8.2.3. N.p.: ForeFlight, 2007-2017. Computer software application StatCrunch. Computer software. www.statcrunch.com. Pearson Education, 2007-2017. Web. 6 Mar. 2017. Southwest Airline Data. StatCrunch Data analysis on the Web. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017. .

Assessing the Impact of Using Internet for Competitive Intelligence

Assessing the impact of using Internet for competitive intelligence Here is the summary of an interesting scientific paper dealing with the impact of using the Internet for competitive intelligence. The Internet, as an information-rich resource and interorganizational communication tool, has transformed the way that firms gather, produce and transmit competitive intelligence (CI). The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the Internet on CI and the subsequent effects on the organization. What is CI?It is a process of knowing what the competition is up to and staying one step ahead of it, by gathering information about competitors and ideally, applying this information in short- and long-term strategic planning. It refers to actionable information about the external business environment that could affect a company’s competitive position. CI is not industrial espionage given that 90% of all information that a company needs to make critical decisions and to understand it s market and competitors is already public or can be systematically developed from public data.The growth of the Internet has led to CI professionals exploiting its information richness and hypermedia capabilities for CI activities. By using the Internet, a company can monitor the presence, posture, products, and prices of other players in its industry. It can track the views of customers and seek out new ideas and expertise internationally. Model : they examine the downstream effects of using the Internet (for research, internal and external use) on quality of CI information and its subsequent effects on organizational performance.Concretely, the model could be summarized as followed: Research + Internal Use + External Use Quality of CI information Impact on organization The first three components symbolized the Internet Usage. Results and implications The results of this study indicate that using the Internet has a positive impact on the quality of CI information. There is a posit ive relationship between usage of CI information and organizational performance. It shows that the improved quality of CI information through Internet usage has a positive impact on organization.The results suggest that there is a direct positive link between usage of the Internet (for research, internal or external purpose) and the quality of CI information, and a positive downstream impact on the organizations’ strategic benefits. Although there may be some concerns about the reliability and timeless of information published on the Internet, there is little doubt that it is one of the most cost-effective means of obtaining information. However, data must be transformed into knowledge and order has to be created from the chaos of the Internet.The information overload from the Internet also makes focused research difficult but ‘intelligent agents’ have to be developed to automate and alleviate the CI professional’s information gathering workload. My opinio n: This paper has been written in 2001, which means a very long time ago when we are talking about the Internet and its information storage capabilities. Do you think this paper is no longer suitable for the current situation we are experiencing (empowerment of the customers through social medias, increased access to the Internet, hackers and so on) ?Moreover, they say that the ‘intelligent agents’ have to learn how to scan the information to find the relevant one and that it’s the most cost-effective means of obtaining information, do you think this notion is still true or must be nuanced ? Bron: â€Å"Assessing the impact of using Internet for competitive intelligence† Thompson S. H. Teo & Wing Yee Choo Information & Management 39 (2001) 67-83 http://www. cuaed. unam. mx/puel_cursos/cursos/d_gcfe_m_tres/modulo/modulo_3/m3-4. pdf

Television and Social Capital

Television a blessing or a curse? TV or not TV? That is the question. .Television is one of the greatest and at the same time worst inventions of all times. . It is true that television can inform, inspire and create. But it can also misinform, deceive and destroy. Firstly, watching television makes people depended on laid-on entertainment. That makes them lazy and unoccupied. People used to have hobbies, read books, listen to music, go outside for walks now all of these have been replaced by television.Furthermore, our communication with the members of our family can be affected by television. Being glued to the â€Å"box† for so many hours can be really unsociable as you can’t talk and communicate with others while you are watching TV. Added to that, television promotes a fake lifestyle, which is totally irrelevant to real living. Children can easily be affected by that, as it is possible that they believe in fake life situations which can even lead to death. For exam ple, a young child jumped off his window, believing that he could fly just like superman.However, TV is not always a bad influence to us. Without television, we wouldn’t be able to experience the â€Å"visual travelling†. We can watch the Eifel Tower, the Great Wall of China, the Colosseum of Rome, the Sydney opera House in Australia and many other great buildings by just turning the TV on. Also, the information that television offers, can sometimes be vital as we need to be informed about the climate changes, the earthquakes, the wars, and a lot of other events which could lead to destructions.Moreover, there are enormous possibilities for educational programs on television. Since children love watching TV it can’t be that hard to convince them to learn through a television program. The lesson will be a lot more amusing and not so tiring as school lessons. Considering the audiovisual perspectives that TV can offer, teachers can easily be replaced by televisions ! In conclusion, the question â€Å"TV or not TV? † still remains unanswered. The negative points are as many as the positive ones. It’s up to us, then, to decide whether we are going to be watching TV or not.Television has the potential to unite communities, provide information to allow positive cultural, social and environmental change, and to create a true global village. It also has the potential to alienate, desocialise, to promote aggressive and negative behaviours, provide negative and inappropriate role models to our children, and to create negative values such as values of consumption and possession. During the past two decades there has been considerable debate on the issue of the impact of television violence on youth behaviour.Many in the television industry deny television's contribution to youth violence. The Net-generation refers to people born between 1977 and 1997. There have been many studies that identify an association between exposure to violence i n entertainment and violent behaviour, but these studies do not prove that exposure causes violent behaviour. They show that there is a risk that exposure to media violence will increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behaviour. This risk can be increased or decreased by a large number of other factors.Recent research into the effects of pornography and violent video/computer games is starting to draw similar conclusions, although findings suggest that pornographic films, especially those containing violence, can contribute to callous sexual behaviour and violence towards women. The relationship between what we see and what we do is extremely complex. Some of the more important variables are context in which violence is portrayed, the age of the viewer, the sex of the viewer, the ability of the viewer to differentiate between fantasy and reality, and justified and unjustified use of force.Violence on television seems to be effecting our feelings of safety within the communi ty. There is some evidence to suggest that the level of violence in television programs, films, news, may have led to an increase in fear that society is more dangerous than is actually the case. Censorship issues are difficult to resolve. What are our rights? Are they to be protected from viewing things that may be harmful to our own or our children's psyche, or are they to have the right to decide for ourselves? Censorship may also lead to the ‘forbidden fruit' phenomenon and the development of black markets.Similar results may occur if there is regulation of broadcasters. Would self-regulation work? It is well known that parental influence can be a major factor in reducing the impact that television violence will have on children. But parents need to be aware of this and need to take the time to know what their children are viewing and, at best, view programs with children in order to ameliorate the negative impacts from such viewing. Parental influence can also enhance the positive impacts of television, and can allow children to understand social systems and appropriate behaviour more fully.Parental education and awareness programs will determine how successful this approach is. One option to ensure television viewing is less damaging to children is to have media literacy education for children in all schools. The aim of this education would be to help children to critically evaluate the images, which are presented to them on an everyday basis. If we are concerned about the kind of television our children are watching, technological advances such as the ‘v-chip' (violence chip) can be programmed to block out unwanted programs from television broadcasts.Just as it is with censorship issues, new technology relies on parental involvement. Television programming is driven by commercial intent. Television appears to be harmless entertainment, but the function of global television is connected with the ideology of globalising capitalism. It appears the commercial intent is focused on distraction and cultural reformation. Television has a large social cost. Television viewing removes us from the physical reality of our current lives – and often for extended periods of time. When we watch television, we stop social interaction – conversation becomes fractious and partial, if it continues at all.While we watch television we miss the verbal interaction that allows for sharing, learning and building collective perspectives. Television changes culture in more ways than we can imagine. In the United States, half of the population now report watching television while eating dinner, and more than a third watch while eating breakfast or lunch. People in the US spend more time watching television than they do talking with their spouses (four to six times more) and playing with their children (an average of twenty minutes each day compared with four hours of television viewing).The situation is no much different in the UK wh ere 46 percent of people say that at the end of a working day all they want to do is watch television. It is, in fact, the number one leisure time pursuit in much of the developed world. ; People's absorption in television results in far less time for intimate social connectedness, which is visible not only in the home but in the broader patterns of community vitality, or social capital. Social capital is a term used to describe the overall health of social connectedness – feelings of common purpose, common identity and common commitment.Television viewing has been implicated in the collapse of positive civic participation in almost all of its forms. Since healthy communities are characterized by high levels of social capital and participation, lack of positive civic participation indicates and unhealthy communities. This is decline in civic participation reveals a clear inter-generational shift Music and Human life Music is one of the greatest creations of human kind in the course of history. It is creativity in a pure and undiluted form and format.Music plays a vital role in our daily life. It is a way of expressing our feelings and emotions. Music is a way to escape life, which gives us relief in pain and helps us to reduce the stress of the daily routine. It helps us to calm down, an even excites us in the moment of joy. Moreover, it enriches the mind and gives us self confidence. Music surrounds our lives at different moments of lives, whether we hear it on the radio, on television, from our car and home stereos.Different kinds of music are appropriate for different occasions. We come across it in the mellifluous tunes of a classical concert or in the devotional strains of a bhajan, the wedding band, or the reaper in the fields breaking into song to express the joys of life. Even warbling in the bathroom gives us a happy start to the day. Music has a very powerful therapeutic effect on the human psyche. It has always been part of our association wi th specific emotions, and those emotions themselves have given rise to great music.The origins of Indian music can be traced back to the chanting of the Sama Veda nearly 4,000 years ago. The primacy of the voice, and the association of musical sound with prayer, were thus established early in the history of Indian music. Today, music is available for us in different forms and the choice for music varies from person to person just as the reading choices vary from one another. There is folk music, classical music, devotional music, instrumental, jazz, rock music, pop music, hindi movie songs and many more.

madame bovary essays

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Essay on President’s right to indefinite detention of enemiesEssay Writing Service

Essay on President’s right to indefinite detention of enemiesEssay Writing Service Essay on President’s right to indefinite detention of enemies Essay on President’s right to indefinite detention of enemiesThe provision of the US President with the right to detain enemies without the definite time and opportunity of judicial review raises the problem of the violation of their basic human rights and liberties as was the case of Guantanamo. In such a case, even individuals detained as prisoners of war have the right to have access to the judicial review to take decision on their crime or innocence respectively to the existing legal norms and practices. In this regard, the US Congress should determine clearly how far should the right of the US President to detain enemies without the definite time and opportunity of judicial review should extend. The Congress should clarify the issue to prevent the possible violation of human rights of detainees by the US President and the military and law enforcement agencies that are under the President’s command.At the same time, the introduction of the clear regulation of this r ight of the US President is essential to â€Å"prevent the possible misuse of power by the US President† (Dworkin, 2002, p.149), who may just misuse this right to eliminate those individuals, who are dangerous for the interest group the President represents. The experience of Guantanamo proves that such â€Å"limitations and regulations are essential† (Levin-Waldman, 2012, p.183). In fact, such a right is too controversial from the standpoint of human rights to let the US President to exercise this right without any limitations.Therefore, the right of the US President to detain enemies without definite time and opportunity of judicial review has to be limited and clarified by the US Congress, which should regulate the time and procedure of judicial review to prevent the misuse of this right by the US President.

Computer Forensics - Case Portfolio Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Computer Forensics - Portfolio - Case Study Example Digital evidences are regarded as different types of electronic information and are considered as vital proofs for evaluating any criminal incidence. This type of information is stored, received and shared by electronic devices. Digital evidences can exist in several formats such as text, graphics, audio and video among others. The digital evidence has been acquired when the electronic devices are seized. The digital evidence that has been found in the crime scene was WDD hard disk, USB flash drive, compact disk (CDs) and central processing units (CPUs) (see fig 1). Hard Disk. Hard disk is basically a read/write storage media which is used for collecting, storing, retrieving and accessing information. It is regarded as vital source of proof for the crime because the system files and other operating files are stored in hard disk. Hence, in order to investigate the crime conducted by Mr. Didit, the hard disk has been sized (see fig 2), as it probably provide certain valuable proof (Mukasey et al., 2008). CD. CD is regarded as the other important digital information source. It is basically a replicate of the original information and is used as permanent storage media. Thus, the information in CD is believed to be of highly important for Mr. Didit to be stored and thus, has been acquired for the purpose of digital evidence (see fig b3) (Mukasey et al., 2008). USB Flash Drive. USB flash drive is a small portable and high capacity electronic storage media. Unlike hard disk, USB drives connect to the computer through Universal Serial Bus port. USB flash drive has gained much popularity because of its storage capability and rapid access of data. The USB flash drive can also store information regarding any works and therefore regarded as valuable evidence for this criminal case (Mukasey et al., 2008). CPU. CPU is a case that contains electronic elements such as memory, processor and hard drive among

Licensing parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Licensing parents - Essay Example He, additionally, asserts that if there is a reliable procedure to in vetting parents then licensing should be the way to go. He argues that parents have the potential of causing grave harm to their children both physically and psychologically. He explains that annually hundreds of thousands of children are physically abused while others are neglected. Such treatment by parents remains as scars both physical and psychological for the rest of the children’s lives. Such children end up engaging in criminal activities and even proceed to harm their children as well and thus end up as unhappy adults (Lafollette 523). This explanation means that parenting can cause harm and thus qualifies as a licensable activity. When talking about violating the rights or freedoms of others in licensing parenting, Lafollette uses human sacrifice and slander to explain. He states that people have the freedom of speech and expression but this freedom is limited to things like slander where the latter violates the right of the victim. The same goes for human sacrifices which are religious practices not covered by the first amendment where there is freedom of worship. He further asserts that having children, by itself, it not a right but a responsibility bestowed on both parents. When this responsibility is neglected or exercised carelessly then the right of the parents ceases to exist. Therefore, when parents are able to prove their ability to procreate without violating the rights of others, then they should be licensed to proceed. The procedure to vet future harmless parents may not be foolproof and will end up resulting in the same issues that the license aimed to avert. It is easy to question how a test for parenting competence can be formulated so as to be reliable. One of the mistakes Lafollette makes is to casually compare a potentially controversial issue; licensing parenting to others that are not at all controversial; licensing driving and people to practice medicine among

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Term Paper

Comparative Essay between Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmuss The Education of a Christian Prince - Term Paper Example During his duties at work, he travelled on missions to various governments France, Germany and Italy. As a result, he acquired a lot of knowledge on government affairs and various state procedures. He also witnessed the callous diplomacies that politician Cesare Borgia used as a tool to seize and control cities. He was against the unprincipled and immoral policies enacted by the rulers in order to ensure control and expand the safety and well-being of his sphere. Consequently, this made him face a lot of opposition from those in power and was tortured, jailed and banished for a whole year. This motivated him to write The Prince. On the other hand, The Education of A Christian Prince was written in 1532.This reminiscence book was meant for Princes and particularly It was a dedication to Prince Charles who later became the Emperor of Habsburg. Erasmus emphasized that teachers should possess unimpeachable morals. He was against enforcement of corporal punishment to the unruly naughty st udents. Through his works he attempted to merge the critics of antiquity with those of the Christian principles during his time. This essay compares and contrasts Machiavelli is The Prince and Erasmus’s The Education of a Christian Prince.... He emphasized that the ruler must be devoted to administration of justice and doing what is right at all times. He was against loss of human life and violence that was as a result of differences between Catholics and the Protestants during the Religious Reformation era. Machiavelli uses Classical Rhetoric styles in his writing which creates a big gap from traditional rhetoric styles. For example, In his introduction which stated that â€Å"I have not embellished or crammed this book with rounded periods or big, impressive words ,or with any blandishment or superfluous decoration of the kind which many are in the habit of using to describe or adorn what they have produced†(Machiavelli 37).He also sourced his information from Cicero’s rhetoric works.In Chapter 18, for instance, His use of a metaphor of a lion and a fox as examples of cunning and force (Machiavelli 56).. It offers a model of an ethical system that not only condones the practice of force and deception but a ppears to regard them as habitual and indeed germane to political activity(Machiavelli 62). Machiavelli was greatly influenced by the classical pre-Christian philosophers. He often referred to Xenophon who was a writer of the classic mirrors of princes, The Education of Cyrus. The experience at work in The Free Republic of Florence, which has created a firm base where his arguments are founded. He recapitulates his transactions with the soldiers and statements during his reign. This supplied sources of characters and the diverse experiences illustrated in The Prince. The missions he went in the line of duty helped in putting across some of the principles in his book. A good example is his very first mission in 1499 to Catherine Sforza, â€Å"my lady of

College Alcohol Use Essay Example for Free

College Alcohol Use Essay Summary: Argumentative essay on the topic of drinking on campus. Compares the consequences versus the benefits of alcohol consumption by college students. Drinking on campus is a problem that affects most college students, either directly or indirectly. I, for one, am against drinking on campus. As a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, I can say that drinking on campus is as rampant as a fire in a toothpick factory. Several friends of mine at colleges around the country tell me that their schools face the same problems. Here, at Stevens, much to the college communitys surprise, we had a snow day in February. The night before our well-deserved day off, a Tuesday, most of the general Stevens populous got drunk. That wouldnt have been so bad if everyone locked themselves in their rooms and drank to their livers content, but it was not so. In addition to getting wasted, everyone partied all night, with music blasting and partiers yelling. Needless to say, it wasnt a good night for anyone trying to get some sleep. The whole night wasnt wasted though; it was fun watching inhibition-less people wander around. On a trip to the bathroom, I saw one guy making a fool of himself trying to get together with this girl. Ten minutes later, that same person walked into my room and sat down on my chair. He then told me to get out of his room. A friend of mine had a similar experience. A drunken resident stumbled into his room and fell down on his bed, saying, I think Ill crash here tonight. Luckily, he got up and decided to leave before my friend beat the alcohol out of him. Upon reaching the door, it took him a good 10 seconds before he realized that the knob was on the other side. While I realize that college students generally dont have it easy and they need to unwind every now and then, large consumption of alcohol simply isnt the answer. I suppose its OK to go out and have a drink every now and then, but many people take that to an extreme. Plain and simple, the statistics disfavor drinking on campus. Perhaps the most stunning statistic is the fact that fourteen-hundred college students between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four die each year from unintentional, alcohol-related injuries, the majority of which includes car crashes. Thats not surprising when coupled with the fact that 2. 1 million students drove under the influence last year. Five hundred thousand more are inadvertently injured under the influence of alcohol and six hundred thousand students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking. Approximately twenty-five percent of college students accredit low academic performance to alcohol and thirty-one percent of students met criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Another huge impact of alcohol is sexual abuse. In excess of seventy-thousand students fell victim to alcohol-related rape and sexual assault. Four hundred thousand students had unprotected sex and twenty five percent of them say they were too drunk to even remember if they consented to it. Property damage is another plague brought unto colleges by alcohol abuse, especially here at Stevens, where several card-readers that allow access to residence halls were destroyed on several occasions. Around eleven percent of student drinkers say they have committed vandalism of property while drunk. Many administrators also report that their campuses have an increasing problem with alcohol-related property damage. Alcohol inevitably leads to health problems. More than one hundred and fifty thousand students develop alcohol-related health problems and almost 1. 5% of these students have attempted suicide. Five percent of college students are involved with the police for alcohol-related issues and an estimated one hundred and ten thousand students have been arrested as a result of their drinking. In conclusion, although I recognize the pro- side to this debatable issue, I think that the consequences of drinking far outweigh the pleasures. Drinking should not be allowed on college campuses.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Essay examples -- Information Te

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object (Wikipedia.com, 2012). RFID is a type of identification system devices that stored data, identification or location of the products. The RFID tag can be put onto an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be put into cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc. RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as access the management when there is need to access the office. They need to put their identification card that has their details to make sure they pass the security check. It is more to make sure that only authorized people can enter the premises. The tracking of good can also been done with RFID when the company wants to shipping their product somewhere far away and there are tags on the delivery of goods that enable them to track them whenever the goods being taken to. RFID can also track persons and animals as there are tags that can be put into their bodies or accessories. The police often used them to track bad people or when doing the undercover to protect the officer on duty. Tool collection is the often things that you can see closely related to RFID that we people used in our daily life. The â€Å"Touch n Go† is the perfect example of RFID. RFID is also being used in the machine readable travel documents, which is the machine that reads the passport to confirm the identity of the person before they been given permission to go in and out from one country to another. In airport, RFID is also being used in the baggage tracking logistics where each one of the baggage... ...nline] available from (20 April 2012) Thesmartsense.com (2011) VingCard’s ‘Signature RFID’ [online] available from (20 April 2012) Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (2005) David Molnar, David Wagner - A Scalable, Delegatable Pseudonym Protocol Enabling Owner Transfer of RFID Tags [online] available from (22 April 2012) Autoidlabs.org (2007) Konidala, Divyan, Kim & Kwangjo - RFID Reader Mutual Authentication Scheme Utilizing Tags [online] available from (22 April 2012) Itlaw.wikia.com (2012) Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems [online] available from (22 April 2012) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Essay examples -- Information Te RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object (Wikipedia.com, 2012). RFID is a type of identification system devices that stored data, identification or location of the products. The RFID tag can be put onto an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be put into cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc. RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as access the management when there is need to access the office. They need to put their identification card that has their details to make sure they pass the security check. It is more to make sure that only authorized people can enter the premises. The tracking of good can also been done with RFID when the company wants to shipping their product somewhere far away and there are tags on the delivery of goods that enable them to track them whenever the goods being taken to. RFID can also track persons and animals as there are tags that can be put into their bodies or accessories. The police often used them to track bad people or when doing the undercover to protect the officer on duty. Tool collection is the often things that you can see closely related to RFID that we people used in our daily life. The â€Å"Touch n Go† is the perfect example of RFID. RFID is also being used in the machine readable travel documents, which is the machine that reads the passport to confirm the identity of the person before they been given permission to go in and out from one country to another. In airport, RFID is also being used in the baggage tracking logistics where each one of the baggage... ...nline] available from (20 April 2012) Thesmartsense.com (2011) VingCard’s ‘Signature RFID’ [online] available from (20 April 2012) Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (2005) David Molnar, David Wagner - A Scalable, Delegatable Pseudonym Protocol Enabling Owner Transfer of RFID Tags [online] available from (22 April 2012) Autoidlabs.org (2007) Konidala, Divyan, Kim & Kwangjo - RFID Reader Mutual Authentication Scheme Utilizing Tags [online] available from (22 April 2012) Itlaw.wikia.com (2012) Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems [online] available from (22 April 2012)

Cognitive behavioral therapy

I will present a summary of both approaches followed by critical reflection upon their exceptive origins, similarities, differences and usage in practice. Carl Rogers, originator of the person-centered approach, conceived it in the late 1 sass at a time when the therapeutic establishment was dominated by psychoanalysis, which holds that psychological problems result from childhood fixations and biological drives buried in the unconscious mind, and behaviorism, which focuses on the annalistic mechanism of habits developing as a reaction to stimuli.Rogers disagreed with these approaches' conception of the client as ‘weak' or ‘broken' and the therapist as the expert with the tools to ‘fix' him Cashmere, 201 1). Conversely, the person-centered approach is thought to be rooted in three interrelated philosophies (Cashmere, 2011 humanism, existentialism and phenomenology. Humanism is fundamentally a belief in the dignity and worth of each individual, and that each person i s engaged in a struggle towards ‘self-actualization', I. E. Fulfillment of potential in some way, which should be acknowledged and respected.Existentialism holds that there is no objective truth or meaning and that humans are therefore ‘condemned to be free', with total responsibility for creating meaning in our individual lives, and homogeneity is a related method of social/philosophical enquiry concerned with understanding the subjective reality experienced by each individual. Drawing on these influences, Rogers developed a number of key tenets of person-centered counseling, three of which he dubbed the ‘core conditions of therapeutic change'.These are that, firstly, the therapist experiences ‘unconditional positive regard' for the client; the client is made to feel that everything he feels and expresses is equally acceptable, important and valued. Secondly, the therapist experiences an 'empathic understanding' of he client, which means that as the client i s talking, the therapist accurately senses his feelings and personal values – including those he may not be directly aware of.Thirdly, the therapists unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding must be effectively conveyed to the client (Rogers, 1957, cited in Ballasting Dyke's, 2010). Page 1 of 6 These tenets serve to emphasis the role of the therapist in facilitating the client's achievement of ‘self-actualization' -becoming a psychologically mature adult who is at ease with their experiences and trusts their own inner sources to help them cope with difficulties. As in phenomenology, the therapist is concerned with understanding the world as perceived by the client.To work within the ‘core conditions', a therapist must act as another human being rather than an ‘expert' and must avoid projecting his own personal meanings onto the client's situation at all costs, although he should remain aware of them as part of his own humanity. Rogers' theory is that the therapeutic relationship, rather than any specific technique or treatment, will itself facilitate change. He believed that any diagnosis or goal-setting only objectifies clients, and that individual meanings should be treated as the â€Å"highest authority† (Ballasting Dyke's, 2010).The person-centered approach also offers a theory explaining the origins of unbearable emotional distress. Where there is a conflict between how a person feels, or is (the ‘organism self') and how he thinks he should feel, or be (the ‘self-concept'), the result is ‘incongruence'. When a person is incongruent, he is experiencing thoughts and feelings that are unacceptable according to his self-concept. This results in the employment of deference mechanisms such as repression, distortion or menial of feelings, alongside escalating confusion and unhappiness.In person- centered counseling, the therapist models congruence – he is being himself and his experiences m atch what he communicates to the client – and his ‘unconditional positive regard' is intended to help the client begin to accept all aspects of himself and thus move towards congruence (Ballasting Dyke's, 2010). Mindfulness, contrastingly, is not primarily a therapy in itself (although there are types of therapy based solely upon Buddhist teachings) but rather a method of dealing with suffering which has been integrated into several types f therapy, notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CB).An integral part of Buddhist philosophy, mindfulness is a translation of a Pail word meaning ‘recollection'. To ‘recollect' an awareness of the present moment means observing, without judgment, present thoughts, feelings, sensations and wider context. Crucially, this includes any kind of emotional discomfort or suffering. It is posited that many people strive to keep themselves feeling safe, protecting themselves from the things they fear and trying to attain the things t hey value and desire.People crave what they don't have and grasp onto what they do -? forming emotional attachments to ideas, possessions or people in order to distract themselves from the reality of life, which is that it involves suffering and will end in death (Barker, 2010). Hayes (2005, cited in Barker, 2010) uses the phrase ‘psychological quicksand' to describe the way we can â€Å"sink deeper into our feelings† when we try to struggle against them. To struggle Page 2 of 6 against uncomfortable feelings, whether by distracting ourselves or by trying to force them to change, only deepens and exacerbates conflict and anguish.Furthermore, when controlling or avoiding feelings does not work and we are arced to acknowledge them, we may over-identify with them, view them as permanent and feel trapped within them. Acceptance is the first essential element of mindfulness; instead of â€Å"feeling sad about feeling sad†, the alternative is to accept difficult feelin gs, gently and curiously, as only part of the whole moment. ‘Being present' is the second element; this involves striving, through practice, to focus our attention upon the present moment.Ruminating over the past may result in our processing current thoughts and feelings as part Of an overall narrative, which impedes our understanding hem purely for what they are, and focusing on future goals prevents us from seeing that we will never be fully satisfied; happiness can only be in the endeavourer, in the present moment. The third element is awareness. Becoming deeply aware of thoughts and thought processes means that we avoid becoming ‘carried away' by automatic processes at the expense of reason and control.Mindfulness is often practiced using meditation but can be employed as part of therapy or in the context of day-to-day activities (Barker, 2010). The most striking similarity to note IS the resonance between the mindfulness-related expression ‘psychological quick sand' and the person- centered concept of ‘incongruence'. Essentially, both approaches locate the cause of suffering in the discrepancy between how people truly feel, or truly are, and how they believe they should feel or should be.Accordingly, both approaches advocate acceptance and legitimating of all parts of the self, although the person-centered approach perceives this as being facilitated by the therapeutic relationship, whereas in mindfulness it occurs as a result of practicing ‘acceptance', ‘being present' and ‘awareness' via techniques such as dedication. Shown (1996, cited in Barker, 2010) argues that it was the resonance between some humanistic and Buddhist ideas that led to Buddhism rising popularity in Western culture since the 1 sass; mindfulness theories applied in the West are thus at least somewhat related to the humanist approach.Certainly the two approaches share a belief in phenomenological subjectivity and the harmfulness Of hierarchical, inflexible doctrines. However, at first glance, mindfulness may appear more ideologically-based. Where the person-centered approach focuses on the individualized ‘organism self' failing to reach the self concept', mindfulness takes a firmer stance in that it emphasizes the harmfulness of all ‘craving or ‘grasping, in all human beings, as a denial of the realities of suffering and death. Page 3 of 6 These aspects of the two approaches appear diametrically opposed.Should suffering people focus on themselves, or should they move towards focusing on the whole context surrounding them in order to gain perspective? Mann Bazaar is a person-centered therapist who, more recently, has incorporated mindfulness techniques as part of his practice (Bazaar, 2009). He emphasizes the â€Å"erosion† of self that a mindful examination of the self can ring about: ‘What meditation eventually does to one person is to leave one's identity†¦ That destroys the very found ation of our western society which is founded on ego, on self, on acquiring†¦The more I'm aware, the more I look around, the more I see the full implication of suffering' (Open University, 201 AAA). Barker (2010) similarly argues that being in a state of mindful awareness is an appropriate foundation for action, and that letting go of ‘craving' and ‘grasping' lessens selfish behavior in relationships. The person-centered approach has attracted criticism for supposedly being â€Å"theory-thin† (Cashmere, 201 1). However, as has been shown, it is rooted in humanism, existentialism and phenomenology', and was developed as a challenge to the authoritarian, dogmatic approaches that were prominent at the time.Carl Rogers is overwhelmingly regarded as the most influential figure in the therapy field, even among practitioners of cognitive-behavioral therapy (Barber, 2007, cited in Ballasting Dyke's, 201 0); regardless Of approach, most practitioners today recognize t he importance of the relationship between therapist and client, as well as the need to create equilibrium within this relationship rather than allowing the therapist to Edgar him or herself as the ‘expert' (Kowtow and Saffron, 2007).Pinker (2011) argues that the evolution of value systems in the direction of humanism has been a momentous general historical trend. Person-centered counseling, which reveres the inherent worth and inalienable rights of the individual and disdains arbitrary authority in favor of a more egalitarian outlook, rose to prominence as part of this trend. Pinker contends that, since the end of the Second World War, humanism has been the unquestioned foundation of most Western people's values; so much so that it is easy to forget it is a theory.The historical significance of humanism in general, and Carl Rogers in particular, should not be discounted. However, since Rogers' theories were developed in the sass, it seems timely to examine them and question wh ether they might be refined. Wood (2008) highlights some criticisms that have been made in recent years: May (1982, cited in Wood, 2008) ‘took Rogers to task for asserting the sovereign freedom of the individual and then blaming society for the individual's woes†.The person- centered approach, which takes an extremely positive view of human nature (all humans are engaged in a struggle towards self-actualization, and only deed Page 4 of 6 to be facilitated to achieve their potential), does not adequately address personal responsibility or the collective good. To value and revere an individual's needs above all else is to ignore, for example, ecological problems that result from people proportioning their own wants and needs.In my view, Rogers' reverence of the therapeutic relationship is also problematic. To feel and communicate positive regard and empathic understanding to such an extent that the client feels transformed by it, may only be achieved in certain circumstanc es. Maureen Moore, a preconceived counselor, describes her allegations with a client who was feeling alienated from others as a result of being mixed-race: â€Å"I've experienced some of this myself, so in a sense I was able to be more empathic† (Open University, Bibb).The success of the therapeutic relationship may at least partly depend on the therapists experiences and personality compared to the client's, and while this criticism applies to all types of therapy, it is particularly pertinent in the case of an approach which venerates the relationship as the therapy, rather than any technique or process.It may be that the person-centered approach works best n cases where a profound understanding does develop (perhaps as a result of shared experience between the therapist and the client) and/or where the client is new to the experience of being fully listened to and accepted. Overall, I feel more drawn to the mindfulness approach: the person-centered idea of accepting the wh ole self has been refined and conveyed more clearly, without the need for jargon such as ‘incongruence', there is less weight placed upon the therapeutic relationship and it addresses the wider context rather than focusing on the self.Additionally, mindfulness techniques have been hon. to have wide-ranging applications; dialectical behavior therapy, for example, is a variant of CB which focuses on patients' cognitive styles while simultaneously teaching mindfulness strategies for management of their mental states, and which evidence suggests is effective for patients with borderline personality disorder. Mindfulness as part of a structured approach may be Of particular benefit to people with chaotic inner lives (Roth and F-Nagy, 2005).