Sufficiency Economy Philosophy organization Essay

sufficiency scrimping Philosophy organization - Essay mannikinIt is now familiarly known as sufficiency economy principles.Sufficiency Economy principles that was promulgated and implement by the King of Thailand is largely grounded on the principles of Buddhism which is samewise the major religion in the region (SufficiencyEconomy.org 2006 Leekpai 4). This political orientation together with the commonly observed persistence of poverty generated a more fitted strategy of addressing such dilemma. Sufficiency economy as a long-term shot for a sustainable program is more like making choices in the midst of scarcity (Parkin 12). In which case, the citizens of Thailand were encouraged to accept trade-offs for the benefit of the majority, and to avoid the dangers of succumbing to times like the busted economy in 1997 to 1998 when real GDP growth was at negative 6.1 (-6.1), and real GDP growth per capita was at negative seven point one (-7.1) (Warr 5). This particular situation is only in contrast to the economic boom enjoyed in the previous historic period. But, almost everyone knew that was hugely brought about by foreign investment.In other words, when the investors departed, they left carrying along with them their capital plus profit, busting the economy of its capitalizations. Thus, it can be rationalized that the Kings sufficiency economy theory is accurate. ... According to the author,Positive growth was achieved in all subsequent years to 2003 (Phase IV), but an average rate of only 3.3 percent (1999 to 2003) (Warr 5).The virtues of King Bhumibol Adulyadejs were of essence to the folks, business and emergent economies (Hewison v). It quietus upon the conventional virtues of Buddhisms modest ways of living that emphasized the attitude of self-controlled expenditures, logical demeanor in living, self-preservation, and companionship and righteousness, which lead to contentment, astuteness, serenity, and paradise.Research Questions1. Did the participa nts understand the way with which Sufficiency Economy Philosophy is applied to their organization2. What is the pitch level of understanding among the different organizationsReferenceIsarangkun, Chiraya and Pootrakool, Kobsak. Sustainable Economic Development Through The Sufficiency Economy Philosophy. http//www.sufficiencyeconomy.org/en/files/3.pdf rets 8/5/08. Hewison, Kevin. Thailand Human Development Report. Sufficiency Economy and Human Development. Journal of contemporary Asia 38.1 (2008) 212+. Questia. 5 Aug. 2008 .Leekpai, Chua. A Better Future Together. Presidents & Prime Ministers Jan. 2000 4. Questia. 5 Aug. 2008 .Parkin, Michael. Microeconomics. 4th ed. EnglandAddison-Wesley. 1998. Walker, Andrew. The Rural Constitution and the routine Politics of Elections in Northern Thailand. Journal of Contemporary Asia 38.1 (2008) 84+. Questia. 5 Aug. 2008 .Warr, Peter, ed. Thailand beyond the Crisis. London Routledge, 2004. Questia. 5 Aug. 2008

Potlatch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Potlatch - Essay ExampleMauss sees this sacrifice switch over as a system of total services that combines both make and revenge and this cycle continues, until it exhausts itself into destruction. hence for Mauss, the potlatch is driven more by the spirit of destruction rather than generosity. Therefore, he is more interested in exploring a totally different aspect of gift giving that is outside the dominant moral edict of the capitalist and consumerist society of the West.The Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian have been studied for this aspect of religious exchange or sacrifice that resembles the phenomenon of potlatch. The potlatch, which is a gift, therefore becomes a symbol of sacrifice and demands an equal sacrifice, whose debt is not automatically cancelled ceaselessly notwithstanding may produce forth a fresh demand for exchange of gift and so forth. therefrom Mauss says that by exchanging gifts that are symbols of power and status a kind of peaceful equilibrium is maintained a nd it is dangerous to not involve oneself in this sacrifice if gifts.The Indian tribes of the North-West America, again, practice the potlatch system, consisting in two tribes or chiefs engaging in a competition of prodigality whoever is the richer confronts the most and destroys his possessions if necessary. All this, however, in order that he himself may prosper, since in this manner he shows that he has power2 However, in Arguing with Anthropology, Karen Margaret Skyes argues that the economies of sacrifice seem to be a misnomer for the depth and crux of the issues that potlatch raises perhaps because Potlatch shakes the common sense of the capitalist ideology, which expresses the angst it expresses by the sheer generosity it shows through the exchange of warring gifts by displaying how much one can give to the other. It therefore stands for the total system of social status without which the ethnographic groups have no identity Therefore, to attain social respect they agree t o endanger their well being. Potlatch probably conjures up the fantasy of modern power, which combines luxurious suicide - an obsessive and slow yet megalomaniac suicide of a society on the whole and shatters the figment of progression towards the capitalist future. Or is it somewhat similar to where we as westerners are headed It is an ironical similarity - potlatch, self-destruction and capitalist consumerist philosophy converge at a point - buy at any terms and death by excess. Potlatch has been variously criticized as giving beyond reason - but is the capitalist frugality reasonable Does presenting an island to a friend any less extravagant or any less paradoxical than a potlatch One can argue that it does not dangerously bind the recipient into any general anatomy of obligation to give back a gift of equal proportion. Yes, it may not - but in a capitalist society excess of ceremony is also a political game that fascinates and horrifies at the same time - it is an excessi ve display of power or a counterpower to something that already exists. Thus, festivities are always a symbol of subversion of power, and it is a separate display of power that already exists or which is seek to overthrow the existing power and seek prominence. Let us also consider the exchange of gift that happens in the Indian society, which is also called dowry, is another

Volkswagen Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Volkswagen commercialized - Essay ExampleThe little male child dressed like the super heroes at Star Wars and the ideal of trying to use inward force to move things was creatively used.If I were the director of this commercial I would compare the new Volkswagen Passat with another car taking good care not to show the dirt of the other car. Instead of the little boy trying to accommodate life to the doll, make the dry dry-cleaned work or trying to move the dog I would prefer he tries to make a similar car from another company start its engine. Since it would fail to start, the dad would arrive and when the little boy tries to use his assumed internal force in the car, the dad would ignite the car using his unconnected control. I would explain to the client that this commercial is easy to understand than the previous one. The comparison of the two cars would give a clearer concept of force than the use of toys and other things in comparison with a

Microeconomices Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Microeconomices - Term opus Examplef individuals, firms, and industries in terms of producing and consuming of economic goods and services, the concept of cost is relevant as it affects microeconomic activities of the units concerned. For consumers and individuals who ar not familiar with the concepts of cost, one might have the tendency to discard this as irrelevant and immaterial. However, close examination of these underlying theories would enlighten consumers on their effects on prices and quantities of goods which are norm all(prenominal)y offered to the public.It is therefore the objective of this essay to present relevant concepts, theories and applications concerning costs in microeconomics. The costs to be discussed localize from opportunity cost, production costs, marginal cost, cost of externalities, the law of diminishing returns and economies of scale.It is interesting to note that in economics, all costs are considered opportunity costs. As rationalized by Petroff (p ar. 2), anytime a choice is used for any purpose, it implies that nigh other good cannot be produced with that quantity of the resource, that some other resource is not used for the disposed(p) production instead, and that revenues from other production are foregone. Thus, costs are either explicit cost for the resource used or implicit costs from alternative use of the resource. To use a practical application, for a consumer who decided to buy a television set, the opportunity cost could be the value of a expedition to a nearby beach resort which was not taken due to the purchase. productions costs are normally related to firms or business enterprises engaged in manufacturing or producing goods for sale to the public. The concept of productions costs are not only discussed in microeconomics but more so in accounting or finance. Production managers are tasked with monitoring the costs of raw materials as well as labor and overhead costs to maximize profits. These costs could be classified as fixed, variable and total costs.Petroff

Lease hold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lease hold - Essay ExampleLaws usually govern granting a deal and certain order is followed when creating them (Great Britain parliament, 2000). Different leases require different sorts of agreements. A lease has specific elements that mustiness be put in place for it to be valid. It also has specific requirements for creation of a valid lease. The elements of a lease A lease has specific elements that weigh heavily on the contracts overall acceptability. These elements must be considered during creation of an agreement between the airplane propeller owner and the tenant as stipulated by the law. Exclusive self-discipline This is a very essential part of a lease .It forms the backbone of a lease and and so without it, there can be no lease. Exclusive possession is that make up of the leaseholder to utilize the property with exclusion of all the other individuals including the property owner (John, 2000). The occupier must have a near to exclusive possession to use the expound leased, though this should not be a conclusive make that the leaseholder has a lease. If denied exclusive possession then the leaseholder is right to use the exposit, do not amount to a lease. Exclusive possession pays the tenant the right to exclude everyone else including the property owner from the premises except on an agreed case. ... Certain/specific term/ menses The start of a period in a lease must be separate. It should be me4ntioned in an agreement if not it pass on be deemed to commence immediately. In cases where an individual has an agreement for a future lease, then it is void unless(prenominal) clear at what date it is to start from an express term in the contract or by inference. A periodic tenancy stating that the property owner would not give notice to quit until when ready to develop the land is stipulated. Through this, the tenant has a sense of security and the property owner has ability to reanimate possession of the premises when needed. It is acceptab le for a period of tenancy to restrict the property owners right to give notice unless for a specified purpose during a stated period. The maximum duration of a lessee must be certain. The law of property act provides that, a lease stated to take effect to a greater extent than two years from date of agreement is void and any contract purporting to create such a term is void. It is not enough to specify a period. A beginning date and exact result date must be stated. The time to vacate should also be clearly stated. Term less than that of a grantor An owner in fee mere(a) can grant a lease of his premises for any term since the fee simple is effectively perpetual. A fee simple owner has the right to grant a lease to a tenant for many years like up to 9,000 years. in that respect can be more than one term of years in one fee simple estate in a single piece of land. A tenant can grant a lease of the premises called a sublease to a subtenant .This can only happen if the sublease le ad last for a shorter period than the original lease from the property owner. The subtenant can also grant a further lease of the same premises

IT-9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT-9 - Essay ExampleAssuming that my deposit was built not so much on commercial accounts, but those from consumer accounts, recovery methods would be streamlined in order to prevent a horde of angry customers who withdraw their accounts from our bank in chase of another, more efficient bank.It would be difficult to say that one is more important than the other, because I depend it would depend on the nature of the specialised business as to whether one evaluation factor provides a better outcome. RTO, recovery time objective, is a metric which determines the maximum amount of time that a specific business-related transaction stinkpot be allowed to not function without harming the business. RPO, recovery point objective, measures the volume of in-process transactions that can be lost without causing significant harm to the business activities.For example, RTO evaluation might determine that electronic deposit transactions could be delayed for 36 hours without affecting the cust omer or profitability objectives. As part of the recovery process, 24-36 hours should be the maximum allowed time to be without deposit verification. RPO might determine that besides a small amount of transactional data can be lost without causing financial woes, so the recovery efforts must back-up and protect these important transactions immediately when a failure occurs. If the bank is heavy(p) enough, RPO might be more important than RTO or vice versa.Yes, I believe that the life motorbike management efforts are a quality option for ensuring that the appropriate amount and substance of data is kept, kind of than constantly backing it up and storing it for years. Any business is going to have outdated data, possibly in need of removing information, say, when an old CEO has left and another has taken his or her position. All of the files associated with the original position, unless mandated by law, would be of little to

All Souls' Rising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

All Souls Rising - Essay ExampleThe decision of the French politics on the island was ratified by the French revolutionaries in 1794 and this decision quickly challenged the previously accepted norms of the achieve striver relationship. The entire Americas domain was shaken up as the emancipation on Saint-Domingue became public knowledge. unrivalled of the largest disturbances from the Saint-Domingue experiences was for the American South where the economy was p reddenedominantly based on slave manpower. However the revolution of slaves in Saint-Domingue holds more than meets the eye. The composition of whites, mulattos and blacks meant that society was already in a precarious balance that the revolution upset. As a re accomplishment to the changes introduced by the revolution the various strata of society began taking steps to increase their influence. The important role for the balance of power play lay with the mulattos in society who were obliged to corroborate with the black s and the whites alike. The British and Spanish conquest only added to the panic and confusion in society. The invasion was dealt with by an uprising pass by by an ex slave Toussaint who was supposedly prepared by the whites in purchase frame to decimate the blacks in the shorter run and the mulattos in the longer run. The overall objective of the whites was to restore the previous order. The novel penned by capital of Wisconsin Smart Bells All Souls Rising also portrays this precarious situation and the immense power plays that occurred. In order to understand the issue better it would be relevant to wade through the novel within historic context. The novel depicts the grand blancs (who are members of the white elite) as conceiving a slave rebellion in order to augment their political needs and desires. As the story progresses it becomes clear that the highly esteemed Bayon de Libertat who is the owner of the slave rebellion leader Toussaint is also part of the conspirators. The slave rebellion leader is shown as being handpicked by the white power elite in order to serve their nefarious purposes. Here consideration essential be provided to the political problems of the grand blancs as the French Revolution was at its zenith by 1791 however the might was still in place on the throne. On the other hand the petit blancs, the day laborers, white craftsmen and execrable neer do wells had already taken up arms and adopted the red cockade of the revolution. These groups had by this point in time taken to rebellion in Saint Domingue and had managed to capture porthole au Prince which was a direct threat to the power of the grand blancs. Given also that this was the most paid island in the Atlantic, its loss was not acceptable for the grand blancs. The problem became all the more complicated as the Estates de General declared by decree in May 1791 that all free property owning mulattos in Saint Domingue would be given blanket(a) citizenship. Consequently the red cockaded petit blancs became overwhelmingly outraged by this decision. In a similar manner the white cockaded grand blancs were also outraged at such a decision by the government. However the white cockaded grand blancs contend that they cannot win the war against the petit blancs and the free mulatto calls for full citizenship at the same time. In order to deal with these threats the stratagem of the slave rebellion was created. The plan of action suggests that when the slave rebellion occurs the petit blancs would be neutralized and will try to unite with the whites in order to conquer the black slave

Problem solving in a workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15500 words

Problem re declaration in a workplace - Essay ExampleThe line of works may be technical, or issue ground or as it is called in the writing of this paper complex in nature. The bring in of problem solution technique implemented should be well structured as well as systematic in order to make any improvements at the workplace and allow benefits regarding any possible changes (McWhinney, 1997). The approach to problem solving should be consistent within the workplace. All the members at the workplace should use the same method of solving the problems at the workplace and ensure that all people have the same method of solving problems at the workplace as a constituent of organizational behaviour towards solutions to complex problems (Mullins, 2010). The consistency of the passage is classical in keeping the process more scientific and less susceptible to any form of biases and therefore equivocal in the problem solving process. The problem solving technique is also important in t he ag base processes of solving the problems since the model provides a focus for the group. The processes that are implemented by the group are important in ensuring that the model is implemented and structured in a way that helps the group to coordinate and function properly as a group. The problem solving a techniques help the group in reaching a consensus and in the decision making process. The method is also important in ensuring that the problems are solved effectively.

Global Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Corporate Strategy - Essay ExampleThis was condescension the fact that industry trends clearly suggested for formation of strategic alliances rather than entering into any merger. The merger became sure-fire because both the unassailables were critically able to expend their ticker competencies and dynamic capabilities besides achieving the synergies. There have been some factors which created the overall synergies for the impertinent fuddled to develop itself into a leading global dissipated in airway industry. This paper will discuss as to how the new firm agate line France-KLM was able to use its content competencies and dynamic capabilities to achieve the success it achieved after 2004 merger. Core Competencies Core Competencies of a firm are circumstantial set of skills which an organization executes in effect deliver more value for its customers. (Shaabani, Ahmadi, & Yazdani, 2012). One of the core competencies of the new firm was the creation of a too lar ger network which came into existence after the merger. Both Air France and KLM were operating(a) largest and busiest routes in Europe and as a result of the merger, the new firm had an access to a large network and resultantly achieved an advantage which was relatively difficult to replicate by the competitors in the market. KLM was the oldest airline in the human beings and it provided it necessary time to perfect its learning curve in an industry which changed over the period of time. such long history provides a firm time to acquire the knowledge and learning required to turn tail in airline industry. Same was the case Air France as it was in like manner able to develop its core competencies and learning curve over the period of time. It is also important to understand that the new firm has also one of the best maintenance and engineering department delivering allied services apart from passengers and cargo. The set of skills feature by the engineering department of the fir m created the further advantage for the new firm to actually utilize its strengths and become more dominating into a new market.( Vassolo & Anand,2008) Dynamic capabilities of the firm are determined by the ability of the firm as to how it can fuse its various competencies together to achieve the desired results. (Zheng, Zhang, & Du,, 2011).Dynamic capabilities of the firm are different from its functional competencies and therefore require that a firm become able to integrate wide range of competencies in a cohesive framework to achieve the strategic objectives. (Leonard-Barton, 1992. ). The new firm was able to able to integrate its external capabilities by utilizing its formal as well as informal strategic alliances which actually helped to remain one of the competitive players in the transnational airline market also. (Galunic & Rodan,1998). The firm was clearly able to use its links with the American and other global leaders in order to successfully challenge the new firms wh ich started to follow the same merger strategy after the success of Air France and KLM. It is critical to understand that the firm has been able to develop and protect these core

Healthcare Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

wellnessc atomic number 18 Costs - Essay ExampleThe wellness insurance policies play a significant role in determinusining the cost of c be. This is depicted by the reality that there are differences in the cost of health insurance by the government and private providers (Weeks, 2012). For example, the private insurance insurance has resulted in increased costs of health insurance and health care in private hospitals than globe hospitals. The private insurance policy provides that individuals can take personal insurance which includes ambulance do by, general treatment cover and hospital cover (West, 2014). Disparities in access to ambulatory services are ambulatory services are attributed to the high costs, which are associated with private ambulance covers (Leigh & Wheatley, 2010). The cost of care is described as the main factor which affects the economy of health care services (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012).The costs of health insurance are spelled out within the insurance po licies. High costs of health insurance cause individuals that cannot afford it to wait with illnesses until the point when they are less(prenominal) treatable (Wood, 2013). The private insurance policy limits the services that can be covered. For instance, there are inclusions and restrictions to specific services, which base that patients incur greater personal expenses. Optional treatments, which are not covered by Medicare, are similarly based on the personal expenses of patients. Long stay patients also pay more because long term care is not covered by Medicare (Weeks, 2012). These are provisions within the public and private health insurance policies, which contribute to the high costs that are, associated with care processes within US health facilities (West, 2014).The Affordable Health Care policy as provided within the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also plays a role in influencing health

Feasibility Study on schweppes Australia taking PASSIONA to Hong Kong Essay

Feasibility Study on schweppes Australia taking PASSIONA to Hong Kong - Essay ExampleThe making of the heat fruit affable by Spencer Cottee was motivated by the fact that he needed something to do with the fad fruits that had been in excess supply to himii. The cordial that was produced by Spencer Cottee was then sold off to a variant party. Because of the limitation of resources to him by then, Spencer Cottee could not do anything else that was productive with the cordial that he had extracted from the passion fruits. He was thence forced to sell the cordial to Lismore familys community. The company which was referred to as William Bryant & Sons by then was the main telephone receiver of the raw form of passion juice that was directly from Spencer Cottees level of productioniii. It was now at this top in place that the William Bryant & Sons company really created more utility for the cordial that they purchased from Spencer Cottee (Hendry 79). At this point of production, the cordial mixture was simply carbonated so as to have the taste sensation that has lived to be observe to date in the name of Passionaiv. The sift drink which is passion flavored is currently only available in the mother country of its production which is in Australia. Passiona is proudly manufactured by Schweppes Australia, a company which is in any case located in Australia. ... Also in the past history, the trademark Passiona had been already been used by Geo. mansion & Sons manufactures who also existed in Norwood which is found in the South Australiavi. Corporate Vision, Mission Statement and Corporate Goals of the keep company The corporate vision of the company which is to provide consistently the best quality of passiona juice to the faithful customers has been genuinely much effective in ensuring that the company remains consistent in its production. Despite the fact that precise many companies have come up with the production technologies and products in the market, p assiona juice still remains a favorite to the many customers of soft drinks in Australia (Simmons 58). This is due to the fact that despite the changing times and advancements in technology, Passiona production still remains to be highly customer orientedvii. The effectiveness of passiona in the market has been sanction by the fact that the mission statement of the company is very supportive of the companys vision. The company that has been recorded and recognized for their impressive record of performance and accountability has had a very positive kin with the work force it employs (Orsborn 140). As a matter of fact, it has been argued that the very impressive human resource management that has been displayed by the passiona company could be heavily the factor that is influencing the company into such high and consistent levels of conquest in the local market in Australiaviii. The mission statement that the company operates from is ..commitment to providing not only a productiv e but also a positive working workplace where the ideas of the human resource ar not only contributed

Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementation - Essay ExampleCreating Liasoning agents and Integrators within the constitution since the organization has formal structures the first step towards becoming a learning organization is to increase communication and coordination mingled with departments and social units, initially it needs to assign liasoning and integrating jobs to personnel and gradually move on to create assess force and teams.Team Development members from each unit/department should be identified to form a task force. This task force should regularly meet and set goals and monitor results regarding the solution to the current challenge being faced by the organization.Market Intelligence and Information Distribution System Johnson and Johnson should improve its animate or if not already existing, it should set up sound market intelligence and distribution systems. The unit should collect information on consumer preferences, competitor activities, and upcoming technologies and share it with all the unit managers to gear up the whole organization to increase the flow in its product development pipeline.Monetary and Technological befriend to promising startup companies and entrepreneurs since the company is finding hard to find more and more startup companies produc

Explain the Buddhist concept of nirvana. What is its connection to Assignment

Explain the Buddhist concept of nirvana. What is its connection to Anatman - Assignment ExampleThat is why many westward theologians criticized Buddhism for being a pessimistic and nihilistic religion.Though the notion or concept of paradise exists in multiple Eastern traditions, yet the Sanskrit term enlightenment is intimately associated with Buddhism. In Pali it is known as Nibbana (Hawkins 117). Nirvana is the eventual goal of pursuing the Buddhist way of life in most of the Buddhist traditions. Since it is a Sanskrit word, in a literal sense Nirvana means extinguishing or getting extinguished. In a thematic context it means the way to the cessation of suffering owing to the extinguishing of the one-third poisons of ignorance, hatred and desire, which eventually leads to the cessation of rebirth and suffering. Nirvana as per Buddhism leads to the nett settlement of all karmic debts of an individual.The amour that needs to be understood is that as per Buddhism, Nirvana no way means a final annihilation or merging with some higher Brahman. Rather it means passing into a superior(p) state of consciousness, of which there is no parallel that could be mentioned. His holiness the Dalai Lama defines Nirvana as a state of freedom from a cyclical humanity or Samsara (Lama 84). It is an eventual unhinging of the state of mind from an straddle of defilements pervading the Samsara. It frees an individual from the effects and counter-effects of Karma and eventually liberates an individual from the never ending cycle of life and death.The concept of Nirvana is intimately related to the Buddhist notion of Anatman. As per Buddhism there are five Skandhas or states of existence that are forms, sensations, perceptions, mental formations and consciousness (Hawkins 118). Thereby, according to Buddhism individuals are devoid of any self possessing self and this philosophical system of no-self is referred to as anatta or Anatman (Hawkins 42). The individual self or what is known as ego is a

Human and Plant Physiology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Plant Physiology - Coursework ExampleThe mesophyll tissue, which is made up of spongy cells, and besiege cells contain a huge number of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (a green pigment) which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis. The leafs palisade tissue contains the greatest concentration of chloroplasts and it is in this tissue where most photosynthesis takes place (Adds, Larkcom, and Miller 2004, p3). Explain the veer of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the Plant and Its Environment Gaseous exchange indicates the exchange of type O and nose fundamentdy dioxide between the position and its environment or surrounding. There are two processes of bollix upeous exchange, photosynthetic gas exchange and respiratory gas exchange. In photosynthetic gas exchange, carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen given off by the plant. On the other hand, in respiratory gas exchange, the plant takes up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The process that predomin ates at a certain time can be determined at the leaf surface of the assimilating plant. Respiratory carbon dioxide escapes when it is dark. Under optimal conditions for assimilation, photosynthesis is hold by the utilization of carbon dioxide set free by means of respiration. This state of compensation is only unmixed when the process of gas exchange is shut off. It is important to note that gas exchange between the plant cells and its surroundings or the environment takes place by mass flow and diffusion (Larcher 2003, p91). Explain the expenditure of Water and Minerals by the Plant After the diffusion of mineral-rich foulness water into the pedigrees, the water reaches the vascular cylinder of the root through two ways, (a) by diffusing through the cell wall, and (b) by moving through the cytol. Water cyphers the cytoplasm through the diffusion across the plasma membrane of the cell in the roots cortex or epidermis. Dissolved mineral cannot dispense because the membranes are impermeable to ions (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p418). Mineral ions enter the cytoplasm through the active transport process in the plasma membranes. In the cytoplasm, ions and water diffuse from one cell to the cell through plasmodesmata until they enter the vascular cylinder. After water and ions enter the vascular cylinder, they are distributed to the other parts of the plant by the xylem. The plants cell wall is pie-eyed but permeable to ions and water. Soil water can enter vascular cylinder by straight off diffusion through the cell walls. The parenchyma cells in the root cortex are tightly packed, and they create a continuous pathway that permits the diffusion of mineral ions and water into the vascular cylinder from the epidermis. It is important to note that soil water diffusing into through the cell wall enters the vascular cylinder through the endodermal cell cytoplasm (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p419). Analyse the Benefits of Exercise and the Problems Associa ted With Obesity There are numerous health benefits of exercise. Exercise can disparage major illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease by up to 50 percent. Exercise can lower up to 30 percent the happen of early death in an individual. Research indicates that corporeal activity or exercise can boost mood, energy, sleep quality, and self-esteem. Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of depression, Alzheimers disease, dementia, and stress. People who do exercise regularly

, BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS (CM1010-07E) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

, care COMMUNICATIONS (CM1010-07E) - Es recount ExampleA clear heading and numbering system should be use usually no more than three levels are preferred in order to maintain simplicity. The thieve is go around written in the present tense and gives an overall summary of the entire report the launching is best written in the future tense and lets the conveyer know what they are going to read the body is then written in the present telling the reader what they are reading, and the conclusion is best written in the past telling the reader what they have read.The style and tone of the report is beta and it must be written with its intended audience in mind. If the intended reader is not sharp in the specific topic area then the style and tone, together with the language must be kept more simpler than if the reader was well conversed or an expert in the area. Verbosity does not say more it is better to write simply, clearly and to the point with correct grammar and transitional

Piper Aircraft Co v Reyno Essay Example for Free

Piper Aircraft Co v Reyno EssayPiper Aztec, co-manufactured by American petitioners, crashed in Scotland in July 1976, killing all on board. The plane was under Scottish air transaction control, registered in Great Britain, owned/maintained by Air Navigation and Trading Co. Ltd. , and operated by McDonald air Ltd. , a Scottish air taxi service. California probate court appointed Gaynell Reyno in July 1977.adjective FactsReyno filed a case against the petitioners, claming negligence and strict liability in the Superior judicatory of California, while explaining that the rules and lawfulness in California were more positive than those in Scotland. The case was removed to the US order woo for the Central District of California, before it was transferred in December 1977 to the US District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, where petitioners filed a motion to dismiss on the ground of assembly non conveniens.After finding an alternative forum in Scotland, the Distr ict Court granted the motion and dismissed the complaint in October 1979. However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed the District Courts decision on the grounds that dismissal is automatically barred when the law of an alternative forum is less favorable for the plaintiff than the law of the forum that has been chosen by the plaintiff.

Atomic Bombing on Japan Essay Example for Free

Atomic Bombing on japan EssayOn the dawning of August 6th, 1945 at around 816 a. m. , the join States dropped the first dud on Hiroshima. This neglect was given the nickname Little Boy. Three days aft(prenominal) the first nuclear bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 1102 a. m. , the United States dropped a second nuclear bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname Fat Man. These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many people. There was an estimated 200,000 lives taken in the nuclear bombing on Japan. The war on the Pacific had been going on for over four years before the nuclear bombing occurred.There were two big battles that could have guide to the United States decision of dropping the atomic bomb, the Iwo Jima and Okinawa. In these two battles on that point was an astounding amount of deaths taken in these battles from both sides. While both sides of the Japanese and American soldiers fought vigorously taking the m any lives of one a nonher, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a military requirement for the United States. The reason why the dropping of the atomic bomb was a military necessity is because there was nothing else to force Japan to surrender.President Harry S. Truman asked the Japanese to surrender on August 3rd, 1945 or face devastation, but the Japanese failed to meet the deadline. Truman ordered the air force to use the new atomic weapons against Japan. Some argued that if we would had waited a few more weeks, Japan would have surrendered. Others argued that there was no other modality to persuade the Japanese to surrender but the atomic bombing. Truman state this was a simple military mission. He said a weapon was available to quickly end the war so he sees no reason not to use it.The alternative to dropping the atomic bomb was a ground impact in Japan, which would have caused heavy losses to our American troops. From my perspective, I believe that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was necessary for the preservation and security of our nation. At the time of this incident, the United States was involved in World War II serving as part of the Allied Powers. Therefore, on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Japanese decided to weapon surprised attacks on Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor was a US Navy base fixed in Hawaii. The United States was not expecting these attacks at all.I feel that the attack on Hiroshima was retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor. Although we may have gone a little over board, it had to be done to consecrate that the US was not a nation to be messed with. The Japaneses opportunity to fight punt was over after the first atomic bomb was discharged because the navy was taken out, the inability to write food and the lack of industrial supplies. In addition the second atomic bomb was dropped to seal the victory over Japan. Although both Japan and the United States suffered great losses from the altercations, Japa n was left with much more suffering.The first atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima immediately killed an estimated amount of 66,000 people out of a macrocosm of 255,000. The second bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki instantly killed about 35,000 people. However, a numerous amount of soldiers and citizens of Japan did not immediately die. These bombings lead to an awful amount of physical effects that dismembered the country of Japan for many years. galore(postnominal) individuals of Japan either died or suffered from radiation burns, cancer, leukemia, and many other physical disorders. Research shows that radiation increases the long risks of cancer.At the time of the bombing, many pregnant women gave birth to children with congenital malformations because of the contact with radiation. After the bombing, there were said to be 6,500 orphans in the city of Hiroshima. Despite the many people that were killed in the bombings, Americans saved many lives on both sides by not inva ding Japan. The city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was essentially wiped out by the two atomic bombs. The bombs fiercely took out anything in its path. Not one thing or person within 800 meters of the bombs blast survived.Only parts of two buildings were standing after the bomb at the volley site. The survivors in Japan had to clean up over 11. 5 square kilometers of debris and dead bodies after the bombing. This process took Japan four years to clear up. The bombings also cost Hiroshima $2 billion in damage. There were an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 buildings destroyed by the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. And an additional 14,000 buildings destroyed in Nagasaki. To conclude, the atomic bomb dropped on Japan by the United States was indeed a military necessity.The position of the United States at the time left our country with no other choice but to establish transcendence we needed to end the war. There was little sympathy for an enemy who had stimulated the fight and had behaved the w ay Japan had. Also, Japans surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor had left many Americans pleading for revenge. The atomic bomb did just that, wiping out almost entirely two cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although much tragedy and trauma had resulted from the attacks of both countries, the sacrifices were necessary and appropriate.

Maydavian Online Reservation and Booking System Essay Example for Free

Maydavian Online Reservation and Booking System EssayMaydavian has been founded as a go back in the beautiful island of Palawan. With the exertion of Ms. Marrieta S. Mayor, the capital of this unspoiled island, and a memorable journey of about ii hours by bus or shuttle taking you through a zigzag in the mountains and with pulseless views of mountain ranges and unspoiled forests. An oasis of hospitality awaits you at Maydavian, with spectacular views of the Sulu Sea. Ideally located in a coconut plantation with modern facilities in harmony with the serene and soothing atmosphere. Maydavian lapse establish on 2000.The establishment started with just a small canteen, 6 rooms and small dinning cottages. After a fewer months, reception hall, VIP rooms and Standards rooms were built. A swimming pool was formally open to the public. Maydavian Resort has a total land area of eighteen hectares located at Brgy. Caguisan Narra, Palawan. The guest who visited Maydavian loved enjoyed a walkway through century mangroves, clear Sky and myriad of stars and delicious food serves for the most subtle of pallets comprising both Filipino and western specialties.Presently, Maydavian offers plenty of facilities and services. There are the Restaurant and Bar, the Maydavian Pavillion. One of the venues for wedding and birthday parties, island Park intended for playful kids and weather favors the park also serve as venue for children companionship and garden wedding reception for sports minded guest, there is a room venue for billiards and many to a greater extent that had contributed to the overall success of this more than a decade old establishment.The continuous growth of the world their personify the modern and a high-tech way of living due to the reason of unsatisfied and consciousness of military personnel by discovering and searching for more effective way of living such as computer- is a gubbins that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that p erforms high speed mathematical or logical trading operations that can assembles, store, correlates and otherwise process information.Dealing with the triumphant advancement, internet is a network of almost traffic organization through this transaction system must gather sort of information for online services. Website is related gathering of web files that includes an initial called a homepage it is essential in an organization to establish a tourist shoes in the province of Palawan adopting reliable reviewing like a website to provide a complex transaction system through on line services. This system is entitled Maydavian Resort Online Reservation and Booking System.

Green Mountain Coffee Essay Example for Free

Green Mountain umber EssayGreen Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) alternateed as a sm every last(predicate) caf in Waitsfield, Vermont in the yr of 1981. It was in 1993 that the company went public and acquired the early phase of Keurig Incorporated Inc, and then completed the acquisition in 2006. (Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) Once these two companies combined it make the way we drink beverages different than ever before in both the home and office. According to GMCRs website Today, GMCR is recognized as a leader in military strength chocolate and coffee berry makers, and acknowledged for its award-winning coffees, innovative create from raw stuff technology, and environmentally and socially responsible craft practices. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html)GMCR has three business units that they operate with today. The first being specialty coffee which includes Green Mountain Coffee, Tullys Co ffee, Diedrich Coffee, and Coffee People. The 2nd unit is the Keurig business unit, which created the signal cup brewing system. The 3rd and final is the GMCR Canada. The GMCR Canada is owns all sales for the company and includes the Van Houtte business as well as Timothys cosmos Coffee brand. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html)The current CEO is Brian Kelley who joined GMCR in 2012. Before GMCR Brian Kelley was Coca-Colas Chief Product join on together Officer , and president and CEO of SIRVA, Inc. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) as well as other companies such as fording Motor Company, GE, and Proctor and Gamble.In 2011 net sales were 2,650.9 million which was up 95% over monetary 2010. (http//investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) The acquisition of Van Houtte which took place in December, 2010 in addition to the partnership with Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts with the K-cups option of their coffee has helped add over 321.4 million to the net sales in 2011. (http//investor.gmce.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) GMCR has seen accelerated growth over the last twin of years due to its Keurig single cup brewing system and the K-cups that go along with it. Below is the gap for the 2011 Fiscal Financial Review provided by (http//investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). 2011 2010 $ IncreaseSWOT ANALYSISStrengthsWeaknessS1-Strong reputation with its customersW1- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture S2-AcquisitionsW2-Large % sales from one area of the business (K-cups brewers) S3-Marketing W3-Forecasting due to such all-night successOpportunitiesThreatsO1- Increase market placeing to the age group of 40 and older T1- Risk of patents expiring allowing other competitors into the market O2-Increase marketing in the Supermarket locationsT2- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture O3- Introduce other manufacturesT3-Produ ct recalls production liabilityT4- Coffee availabilityANALYSIS VIA PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODELThe brat of sore entrantsThe bargaining power of buyersThe bargaining power of suppliers The competition of this type of product service because of personify smasher would need to come from an already known company or a company that becomes successful after the patients expire that GMCR hold. Strong threatOver time as patients expire buyers pass on have bargaining power. ThreatGMCR has one manufacuting for the K-cups and brewing systems which resides in China. Weakness The threat of substitute product and servicesThe intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry The threat of substitution is high. ThreatAlthough on that point are other companies that try to offer the same service, GMCR is at the top of the coffee industry for this type of service. StrengthSTRATEGY USEDGMCR is using a differentiation strategy by offering a different way for the consumer to enjoy specialized co ffees, teas, hot chocolate, and other hot beverages in their own homes, workplaces, and hotels at an overall lower cost than coffee houses. They are suitable to do this by taking the lead in the market due to their strengths in product development, licensing balances with partners, and on-going successful acquisitions. GMCR growth by dint of their acquisition strategy and their licensing agreements have been the biggest contributors to their growth. In 1998 when Keurig launched its first single- cup brewer for the office environment GMCR was there to partner with. (Dess,G, Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A.(2012). Strategic trouble (6e). Boston McGraw-Hill Irwin.)From that point on it just continued whether it be the agreement with Starbucks in 2011 or the agreement with Dunkin Donuts in that same year to sell K-cups with both Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts coffee they continue to thrive in the market. If we look at Porters generic strategies that our text talks of we can identify the follow ing. Differentiation The product and service that GMCR brings to the market is the best value for toll and quality. guidance strategy The acquisitions and licensing agreements that GMCR has been able to focus on continues to allow success to the buyer markets and geographic markets. Overall cost leadership GMCR is able to keep cost low because of the amount of product they supply to the customer without oft competition.THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THIS COMPANYI think for now GMCR will continue to have competitive advantage. GMCR should be able to accomplish this by continuing to offer their K-cups and brewing systems at the same competitive price to the same type of customer. Although patents are ready to expire and more of the product and service will be able to join the market, I feel that GMCR with their past record of new product innovation will continue to strive in the coffee market and lead the way for competitors to follow.COURSE OF ACTION RECOMMENDEDIt seems to be that because of the success of Keurig K-cups that GMCR has put all their eggs in one basket without much focus on the rest of their products. We can see this in both the 2010 and 2011 earnings (http//investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). With patents becoming expired in the upright future by recommendation would be that GMCR starts to focus on the other products that they sell or that they start to work on the next great product for the coffee industry. My fear is once patents expire that you may see some of the larger distributers try to come into the Market and possible succeed if there able to produce the same product at a lower cost.OPINIONMy opinion of the case theatre is first I had no idea that GMCR was such a large company. I dont drink coffee but am a tea drinker and I guess I just didnt pay much attention to the marketing and advertising . Im undisputable they would like to hear this feedback, it may give them a clue as to where the marketing needs t o go during the next phase. With that being said this company to me shows the true meaning of great business leadership and a successful supply chain and focus strategy. During the research I even found a articulate venture with 3M the company I work with. It seems that 3M helped GMCR develop a coffee filter. This was a very gratifying case study and it showed a great example of how to be successful in my opinion.ReferencesDess, G., Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A. (2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston McGraw-Hill Irwin.Green mountain coffee roasters, inc.. (09/1). Retrieved from http//investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448Unknown. (2004). Gmcr. Retrieved from http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html

Thomas Keller Essay Example for Free

doubting Thomas Keller EssayWho is Thomas Keller? Why is he so important to Culinary world? Thomas Keller is considered to be one of the top chef in culinary world today. An adventurous, hard-working, quick learner, manager, businessman and a cookbook writer. Many people support him and believe him as a greatest chef in the kitchen. At present he is working towards the opening Bouchon restaurant in Tokyo, Japan in 2013. Keller, a restaurateur, was born in the town of Pendleton in Oceanside, atomic number 20 in 1955. His flummox is a former marine drill sergeant who left his family when he was 5 years old. On his teens, Keller learned how to cook from his mother while working at the Palm Beach restaurant she managed. Keller started his work as a dishwasher and quickly moving up to cook.When he was 22, a cut manipulate Chef named, Ronald Henin, his mentor, showed the real task of being a chef, and nurturing people-making them happy. He described when you nurturing a people it brings him pleasure as a human being in every smile of a guest about his cooking. He also mention his brother as the earliest mentor, Josef Keller, who is the chef and the owner of the restaurant Josef in Las Vegas, who gave inspiration to cooking. With no professional training and culinary follow through, he moved to France and served apprentices in Michelin-starred restaurant.By the early 1980s he was working in newfangled York City where he gained national recognition at La concord and Restaurant Raphael as chef de cuisine. After several(prenominal) years as a executive chef, Keller open(a) his original restaurant in 1994 at Yountville, California named The French Laundry. The old century building was built in 1900 and has 62 seat capacity with elegant interior and surrounding gardens. The food is mainly French with contemporary American influences and served two different nine course tasting menus. Later that year, he opened other restaurant Per Se and Bouchon Bakery in New York and Ad Hoc in California.Thomas Keller has several different lines of philosophies related to cuisine. He believes in what he calls The law of diminishing returns. He explains that during the first fewer bites, serrated wracks kicked in before skag saturation and palate fatigue sets in. He also talked about the flavor profiles or compositions of foods, each dish had so many components, and there were steps upon required to layer the flavor and texture. The French Laundry garden has a 3 acre land located across the street to supplies Kellers restaurant in the area, the menu is composed of 100% organic vegetable and herbs.A nonher part of his school of thought is the contribution, he explained that it might take a young chef to train up to three months to increase the further and figure out who they are and how theyll develop in the restaurant., once they know the mode, their ideas and opinions are encouraged. He also wants a young chef with highly motivated, capability , great skill and ambition to his restaurant. And last, the constant evolution, Keller wants to give emotional ownership of his restaurant to the staff and have them embrace that restaurant as if it were part of their own.Teamwork is one of the reason why is Thomas Keller became a successful chef in this world. The dining team, the kitchen team, the restaurant team are part of this dynamic. creation close together as a team and work hard they can achieve a goal and helped build the reputation of the restaurant. Another part is creating kitchen organization, he explained that organization give a level best productivity and high degree of responsibility to maintaining quality of food ensuring consistency.He insists that the secret to his success is not talent but hard work and an obsessive dedication to detail. Thomas Keller was awarded the best chef in California in 1996 and the Best Chef in America in 1997 by James Beard Foundation. As condolence Reichl (1997) stated The French Laundry, the most exciting restaurant in America. On food critic of the The New York Times. In 2005, his New York Restaurant Per Se received three Michelin Stars. In 2003 and 2004, The French Laundry was awarded as a Best Restaurant in the World and received three Michelin stars. That made Keller the only American chef to hold two Michelin three-star ratings.I love this video because it was easy to understand how Thomas Keller became a famed from dishwasher to celebrity chef. The story of Thomas Keller video supplies a full course of culinary facts of life and deserves a place in every cooks kitchen. I also found provoke recipes online that I thought Ive had a private cooking lesson from the chef. The most interesting part at this video when French Laundry restaurant serve two different nine-course tasting menu and none of which uses the same ingredient more than once. The video also shows how mainly use fresh quality ingredients from the garden, the style and technique of cooki ng, a course or dishes with its own unique style was probably the most knavishly presented and well prepared which things should be appealing to the eyes as well as the palate. For me, a Thomas Keller video gives a world of information, discovery and an inspirational to all young chef or old chef to experience a new ideas, explore great minds and experience great art.

The urgent need of Reformation of the Philippine Political Party System from Multi- Part to Two- Party Essay Example for Free

The imperative need of Reformation of the Philippine Political ships company System from Multi- Part to Two- company EssayREFERENCESAbueva, J. V. De Guzman, R. P. 1969. Foundations and kinetics of Filipino G all overnment and Politics. manila Bookmark, Inc.Aceron, J. 2009. Reforming the Philippine Political Party administration ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)Almonte, Jose. 2007. To Put Our House in Order We Must Level the Playing Field. Metro Manila, Philippines Foundation for Economic FreedomBernas, Joaquin. 2007. The Philippine piece of music for Ladies, Gentlemen and Others. Manila Rex Book Store. just nowwell, R. 1963. Southeast Asia Today and Tomorrow A political analysis. Praeger PublisherJanda, K., Berry J. M. Goldman J.1992. The contend of Democracy in America.3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company Inc.Heywood, Andrew. 2002. Politics (Second Edition). Hampshire and New York Palgrave Foundation.Hinton, H. C., Ike, N., Palmer, N. D., Callard, K., Wheeler, R. S., Kahin, G.1963. Major authorities of Asia.2nd edition. Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press.Kearney, R. N.1975. Politics and modernization In South and Southeast Asia. Cambridge Schenkman Publishing Companies, Inc.Lawson, Kay. 1989. The Human Polity An Introduction to Political Science (Second Edition). capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company.Nohlen, D. 1984. options and Electoral System. Bonn, Ger legion(predicate) Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Rocamora, Joel. 1997. The Constitutional Amendment Debate Reforming Political Institutions, Reshaping Political Culture. In Glenda Gloria (ed.). Shift. Quezon City Ateneo Center for Social policy and Public Affairs.Schwartz, R. L., Phoenix, T.2001. Learning Perl. Retrieved from http//ebookbrowse.com/llamas-english-phd-2001-pdf-d426724738Weissenbach, K. 2010. Political parties and ships company emblems- Conceptual approaches to the institutionalization of political parties in transiti onal states The case of the Philipines. Makati Konrad- Adenauer- Stiftung Manila Office.Zaide, G. F.1957. Philippine Political and Cultural History. Vol. 2. Manila Philippine Education Company.Zaide, G. F. Zaide S. M.1969. Government and Politics of the Republic of the Philippines. genus Alca Publishing Co.The urgent need of Reformation of the Philippine Political Party System from Multi- Part to Two- Party*_______________________*A library research paper submitted to Ms. Victoria Jean R. Ella in partial fulfillment of the requirements in ENG 2 (College Writing in English). Second Semester 2012-13. University of the Philippines Los Baos, College, Laguna.Alexis De Tocqueville, a French political thinker, historian and the generator of the book Democracy in America, told that, In politics, overlap hatreds ar almost al federal agencys the basis of friendships (as cited in Janda, 2002, p. 271). The definition and formation of a companionship clay whoremaster be dissected in this credit entry of De Tocqueville. The friendship referred in the quotation is a well-conventional one, unified by the sh bed hatred that would mean the shared ideals and principle of a society. Thus, a political caller is anassociation of politicians seeking author in the brass to exercise their ethics and ideology for the park good of citizens. A political caller is also like an visualize of the selectrs needs and wishes to the government. They choose some of its members as representatives to be assholedidates during elections as to secure position in the government. These representatives flat will present the agendas and programs to the voters and the characteristics of efficient socialization and mobilization of a society will be tested. The latter(prenominal) pertains to the addressing of public welfare while socialization and mobilization is the capacity to organize in order to serve well those in poor status.The electorate then will select the candidate in the ir hearts by ballot. Hence, a ships company can develop through the ideas in religion, business, agriculture and other aspects. (Heywood, 2002) Political parties in a network of relationships are called companionship musical arrangement. It should be taken none that a party clay is non merely a group of political parties. There is a certain standard to be considered originally warranting if it is a party system or not. The chassis and size of the party is the first thing to be considered. It is relevant in the electoral process as it will serve as a deferred payment to the chances of each party to gain power. Aside from this, the number of party is related to the naming of the different types of party systems. The second consideration is the relationship possessed among each party, if it is interconnected with harmony and cooperation or with discord and conflict. perceptual constancy and the degree of orderliness must be characterized by a genuine party system. (Heywood, 2 002) In modern-day times, there are four main types of party system. Chinese Communist Party is an example of one- party system characterized by monopoly of government power. Two- party system is characterized by two parties competing for different positions in the government to secure power. This kind of system is practiced in USA and UK. Dominant party system is not in reality well- known due to some people conf using it to the one- party system. The difference is that parties are competing for power but there is a dominant party prevailing for a long period of time.The multiparty system is the type wherein there are more than two parties competing for power. (Heywood, 2002) Philippines is one of those countries using the multiparty system. There are galore(postnominal) registered parties in the republic but is characterized by low esteem and perceived as selfish, dishonest, biased and unequal to(p) of recruiting quality leading(Lawson, 1989). The situation of political part ies in the Philippines according to Rocamora are not divided on the basis of long-term upper curriculum delights, much less the interests of the lower classes(Rocamora, 1997). Instead, they are temporary and crank coalitions of upper class fractions pieced together for elections and post-election battles for patronage. They come together only to put down assertions of lower class interests. The rest of the time they maneuver in particularistic horsetrading and the perennial search for deals. According to Aceron (2009), Philippine parties are still far from reality as they are performing well the functions of candidate selection, leadinghip formation, interest aggregation and agenda development, for this reason, this library research paper was written to inform the Filipinos and to persuade them to take an urgent measure to address this big problem by reforming our party system from multi- party to a two- party system. The history of the party system in the unsophisticated is n ot fit due to Americans intervention during colonial order (Butwell, 1963).Furthermore, it is said to be historically and culturally rich. The existence of party system can be traced during the Spanish regime. It was happened shortly after the Cry of Balintawak in August 26, 1896. The clash between Emilio Aguinaldo, warlord of Cavite and Andres Bonifacio, founder of Katipunan during the first presidential election taked two political parties. The Magdiwang under Bonifacio while the Magdalo lead by Aguinaldo. Soon, the hostility between these to parties reached to its pay back and ca utilize the death of Andres Bonifacio . During the war of Philippine Independence (1899- 1902), a rivalry was formed between the pacifists led by Dr. Pedro A. Paterno and Felipe Buencamino Sr. and the irreconciliables led by Apolinario Mabini and Gen. Antonio Luna. The pacifists favored the American government while the irreconciliables still struggled to achieve independence. (Zaide, 1969)Americans e stablished our party system into a well- organized one. In December 1900, the first political party called national Party formed with American authorization due to Federal Party favored the United States over the independence (Zaide, 1957). This party was later dissolved due to failure implementation of its earliest platforms. The remnants of the Federal Party joined together to formed the Partido Nacionalista which themain objective is to obtain independence. Sergio Osmena was the first Nacionalista leader while Manuel Quezon was the second- in- command. The power Federal Party, now called Partido Progresista was utterly defeated before the elections. The Partido Nacionalista and Partido Progresista were the two major competing parties from 19907 until the early 1930s. Later, the Progresista dissolved in 1931. Soon after, minor parties made an appearance which did not lasted too long. (Abueva, 1969)There was no opposition party during Japanese occupation (1942- 1946). After the World War II, Nacionalistas broke into two groups the Nacionalista party and the grownup party. source president Elpidio Qurino represented the Liberal party in 1949 presidential election and won. Due to the rumor of denominating of Quirino, the republican party was formed in 1953. Carlos P. Romulo, a presidential candidate competed once morest Ramon Magsaysay of Nacionalista which lead to Magsaysay won the election. After Magsaysays death, his supporters formed a party called Progressive Party of the Philippines, later renamed Grand Alliance led by Pres. Carlos P. Garcia. The party was successful at first as it won about 20 percent of the vote in 1957 but in 1961, the national leaders of PPP- GA switched to the more organized Liberal party. Those leaders who switched run for national offices and won in the next elections. (Abueva, 1969)In 1961 presidential election between spring presidents Diosdado Macapagal and Carlos Garcia served to reform the nature of Filipino politics sp ecially our party system. Garcia was defeated due to Macapagals platforms similitude to Magsaysay wherein they both believed that economic success in the commonwealth can be attained without the intervention of the government. The Nacionalista, however, seeked for rapid industrialization. (Abueva, 1969) In modern era, these parties are described as a temporary political alliances and the worst is macrocosm merely a fans club (Aceron, 2009). We cannot blame those people for their small talk because this is the truth. Our party and party system can be called to such(prenominal) title but they are really far from what they should be to be able to play their substantial role for the development of the Philippines. .Philippine parties are far more different of what political parties should be. It is characterized by a personality and moneybased kind of politics with selfish, dishonest, biased and incapable of recruiting quality leaders (Lawson, 1989). They do not fulfill the functio n of representing the peoples need and wishes and interest aggregation. Consequently, the public oft views efforts aimed at party- carriageening as mere attempts to further entrench traditional politics and elite interests.This is perhaps the superior challenge in changing the countrys party syste Philippines parties are described as a temporary political alliances and the worst is being merely a fans club (Aceron, 2009). We cannot blame those people for their comment because this is the truth. Our party and party system can be called to such title but they are really far from what they should be as they are seemingly forgot their significant role for the development of the Philippines. Given the way party politics is practiced in the Philippines, it is no surprise that the impact of political parties has not been indulgent to democratization. Because of its weaknesses, the party system, according to Almonte, has failed to offer meaningful policy choicesand so to provide for orde rly change (Almonte, 2007). If we pursue Nohlen who defines the party system as referring to number of parties, relative strength, ideological dimensions and distances of competing parties (Nohlen, 1984), the Philippine party system can thus be described as multi-party, fluid, non-ideological, non-participatory and not offering programmatic choices.The multi- party system composed of many political parties competing government position. Thus, this system reduced the opportunity to grab position. One of the important strengths of this system is that they create internal checks and balances within government and exhibit a bias in favor of debate, conciliation and via media (Heywood, 2002). Coalition formation is the process of maintenance to make sure that the parties principles and ideas must be taken account. Unfortunately, this strength can be turned into a disfigure if this coalition formation failed. another(prenominal) problem is the wish of clear ideological alternatives du e to a dominated political center. The Philippines as of now is still using the multi- party system. Since political parties were established, our country used the two- party system (Zaide, 1969). The truth is that the Philippines is the only country in which a two- party system has developed since Independence.(Butwell, 1963)It was shown in the history of our countrys party such as in the case of Ramon Magsaysay , a member of Liberal party but he was chosen as a presidential candidate for Nacionalista party. This same goes as well with the late Ferdinand Marcos who also was with the Liberal party but was chosen to be a candidate for the Nacionalistas. Therefore, our party system is characterized by an inter- party switching and this became a common thing among politicians until today.(Kearney, 1975) The two party system is composed of two major parties seeking government power. Examples of countries using this kind of system are the USA and UK. USAs Republicans and Democrats are the two major parties. Thus, entailing a greater chance to reach. Two- party system is the surest way to achieve an effective, centralised government. This system might lead to a party government which is characterized by stability, choice and accountability. It is an ideal type of system of system to be replaced in the unorganized, decentralized party system.This prevailed in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s. But like the multi- party system, it also has its own flaw. One flaw is that what happens if the two major parties tend to be evenly matched collide. It might lead to the voters hesitations or doubts to which party will really represent them. Another flaw is the limited choice of only two programmes each party will propose during election campaigns. Thus, again will give a hard time for the voters to decide. (Heywood, 2002) Japan is another example of a country practicing the two- party system. Their system is highly centralized in terms of structure. The national offices are su bdivided into prefectural and topical anaesthetic party offices. ( Hinton, 1963)Another reason for changing from the multi- party into a two- party system is that the opposition candidates are using space goat. They proclaimed all the evil deeds that the administration and as they do so, people believed and sympathized with them. At the time they win in the election, they tend to overlook the simple but significant problems that must be immediately addressed such as land laws, divorce and etc. Thus, the country cannot sacrifice the level of democracy. (Weissenbach, 2010) Parties do not really select their own candidates but instead these candidates only using the partys power and connections for their own advantage to win the election. (Aceron, 2009)Thus, there is wide scatter between standard andpractice in terms of political party. Another concern in the Philippine elections is that it became the process of pure evil doings. Candidates from different parties tend to used money i n order to win and voters unfortunately, was being the base of who will they vote and not on what a partys platforms and leadership credentials.To address this problem, Philippine party- system will be devised into personalistic politics and the rule of guns, gold, and goods, and would serve as a germ for a parliamentary form of government (Schwartz, 2001) to achieved a real party system. This experiment was not successful due to Comelecs lack of concern for organizational credentials in registering party- list groups. Instead, our party system became more plaque of by issues and controversies.This experiment implies that the country must change into two- party system since the Philippines online party system is not effective enough to represent all Filipinos. This is due that our country has a people system which means that the highest number of votes is used to determine the winners. The multi- party system and the concourse system is negatively correlated. For instance, after the Martial Law Filipino voterss trust for the delicacy of each presidential candidate.Evidences tell that plurality goes well with the two party system since the latter gives a environ of distinction between each parties. In fact, it is expected that a plurality/ majority electoral system will produce a two-party system (Nohlen, 1984). Hence, the combination of the Philippine multi- party system and plurality elections is a flaw combination.With this, parties could hardly develop simply because the leadership of the government resulting from the elections does not reflect the party performance in the elections. If it was a multi-party system in a proportional representation electoral system, the number of votes garnered by the party determines the number of seats it occupies in the government. But in a plurality election with multi-party system, though an infinite number of political parties is allowed, the result of the elections wouldonly yield two kinds of parties a losing par ty and a winning party. The link between the result of the elections and the configuration of leadership in government is diluted.Another solution they tried is the Republic Act No. 7941 or Party- List Act. It is a law which winners are determined based on the percentage of votes a party gets out of the total number of votes cast for the party list (Aceron, 2009).According to renowned intactist Joaquin Bernas (2007)The 1935 Constitution and the Philippine election law up to the 1987 Election Code gave a preferred position to the two major political parties. This was the two-party system. The clear impression, which had emerged from the constitutional scheme prior to the 1987 Constitution was that the electoral system planned and plotted to insure the perpetuation of the party in power. The 1987 Constitution once again makes a try at promoting a multi-party system or open party system. The party-list system, already discussed under Article VI, is meant to be an instrument for foster ing the multi-party system. As per the evidences presented, the current Philippine party system still lacks of genuine power to work for the common good of our country. Philippines used to be two- party system and as we all know those times were our country proved to be in a good in terms of economy and leadership. Therefore, Philippines must change to two- party system in order to achieve a centralized, effective and organized system that will work for the common good and well- being of their fellow Filipinos without sacrificing the level of democracy.

The Little Mermaid Essay Example for Free

The low Mermaid EssayThe start-off crusade that I like this story is it is different from many other stories that always provide cheerful ending. Children argon impossible to be innocent we need to know we will face roughly difficulties in our daily life. If life looks so perfect, that is not life. And we unremarkably can learn more by disturbing stories, because melancholy or tragedy can uplift peoples greatness. After I contain this story, I started to discover people screw around me, and there are surely someone cries in the invisible corner. It seems that many adults mobilise a child should not see too much sadness in their childhood, they think childs life should be filled by happiness, however, no number in which ages, people do exhaust some upset feelings sometimes, so I think there is not a big problem to give kids read sad tales. To realize more, we can have a good start to grow up, because we have already prepared our mental statement. The second reason th at I like this story is this fairy tale concludes a concept about gain and adult up.We are making choice in every moment when we are live in earth, we tell apart to give up something and to gain something, and the purpose is we try to make our gain more than our lost. In this story, the fiddling mermaid uses her sweet voice to change a magic medicine that can give her humans legs back from the evil witch. Although she thinks she can catch the princes heart, she is wrong and only has a chance to live a short happy time with prince for memory. In our students life, we also sacrifice our bring out time to do some we need to complete first.There is a proverb said that integrity cannot make an omelet without breaking eggs. There is no possibility that will be a stand for coming to you for no reason from God we have to make decisions by ourselves, learn to make disclose decisions, and give ourselves present by our own. Many fairy tales are talking about the prince saves the prince ss, but The Little Mermaid is not. The little mermaid saves the prince from getting drown, and she choose to lose her life without killing the prince.We can find out that women are also strong as men, not to her powerful strength, but to her firm mind. When people face difficulties, they usually feel scared, and want to escape for sacrificing. But many examples that show womens determination, such as some women choose to give up her life to born her baby. So we can realize that women will pack strong, when they have to protect their beloved as men. This kind of concept can give us fortitude and confidence to do things that we think we cannot do at first, although it is just a story, it encourages kids much.Some adults are hard-pressed that give children to read sad fairy tales will make kids feel unhappy, but I think this problem is not so serious. By reading those sad stories, we can have more amazing feeling, and start to think what reasons cause these sad endings. I like The Little Mermaid, it let me learn lessons, such as realizing the life is not perfect, making weaken choices and believing myself to accomplish my own goals. Maybe we cannot make full every wish in our short life, but we have tried to live a better life, like a pretty bubble exists. To this aspect, we will not have regrets.

Slaughterhouse Five Essay Essay Example for Free

abattoir Five Essay EssayKurt Vonnegut wrote the book Slaughterhouse-Five in order to express his feeling of disgust towards the savageness of World War II. It was written as a general statement against all wars. Vonnegut focuses on the jounce and outrage over the havoc and destruction man is capable of reeking in the name of what he labels a worthy cause, while learning to understand and accept these horrors and champions feelings about them. Through his character, Billy Pilgrim, he conveys not only these feelings and emotions, but also the message that we must exercise our free will to misrepresent the unfortunate happenings that might occur in our lives. Vonnegut had tremendous difficulty writing this novel. He says, I image it would be easy for me to write about the destruction of Dresden, since all I would have to do would be to report what I had seen (Vonnegut 2). He did not count on his emotions interfering with his attempts at a real and logical report of such atro cities. It took Vonnegut twenty years to directly face his private demon of the firebombing of Dresden in the form of this novel. He had trouble recalling any memories of substance about his time in Dresden.It could be tell that he was blinded by the firebombs of Dresden. It was not until Vonnegut returned to the sight of the bombing twenty years later, along with one of his war buddies, that he was able to recall the disastrous and horrific incidents in Dresden. The novel served as a form of therapy for Vonnegut it enabled him to examine the events of the past that impacted on his life, and to come to terms with them. Vonnegut chooses to focus the novel on events surrounding the firebombing of Dresden, Germany.

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner Essay Example for Free

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner EssayThere are popular sayings that goes love moves in mysterious ways and love makes people crazy. The amalgam of those sayings would somehow serve as a raw description of William Faulkners report card A Rose for Emily. Since its publication, the story still captures the imagination of many contemporary readersalthough, in a disturbing way. The title is deceptively, and ingeniously for that matter, designed to make the story seem as a love story. It is important to note that a rose is a universally accepted symbolic representation for love. However, the story begins with the death of the protagonist.Actually, there are many points in the story that would lead the readers to the conclusion that Faulkners story is far from a love story. This reading will be standing beside the argument that A Rose for Emily is a love story that presents to the readers love in an unfamiliar form. Faulkner exquisitely described how Emily is frantically in love with mark. She even dreams of being married to him someday. Faulkners details resemble a layout of a typical love story. However, all of those beautiful renditions of Emilys love are just diversions to the authors twists.When Emily mentioned that she wants to be married to kor, he replied that he was not a marrying man (366). The reader could almost setting Emily as a rose whose petals are torn by the sharp gust of wind of Homers subtle rejection. This particular event of her life had significantly contributed to her impending insanity. And because Emily loves Homer so much, Emily had devised a plan to keep him beside her. She had poisoned Homer, paralyzing him for a moment, and then for eternity. She then set Homers lifeless consistency in her bed, then slept with himin every context of the word slept.Emilys version of love could be described as unconventional. The story begins describing how the townspeople of Jefferson (Faulkners fictional city) treated her a sort of fa ll monument (Faulkner 5). level off though the townspeople treat Emily in a revered manner, it would be problematic that they have love for her. In the first part, Emily is already dead and her pitiful yet gruesome downplay would be unfolded as the plot progresses. A safer claim to make about the townspeople treatment to Emily is that they feel for her at the same time disgusted by her life, or more particularly, her love life.The shocking ending, considered a classic, reveals to the readers that Emily had slayed the one she truly loves, Homer Barron. It is just meetable that the townspeople of Jefferson and the readers (of the real world) would raise the skepticism could this be considered love? If we would set aside the conventional notions of love (like couples promising to each other eternity, genuinely caring for one another, a mutual understanding, etc. ), Emilys version of love would certainly be dismissed. However, we could still interpret Emilys actions as out of lo ve, but to put it more succinctly, it should be categorised as unrequited love.It should not be disputed anymore that anyone is capable love, even those with hints of insanity. Moreover, it is a general notion that a person who loves someone needs some kind of returned love. And if love is unrequited, the most probable effect on the unrequited lover would be a seemingly incurable misery. Emilys murder of Homer is oftentimes interpreted as an act of desperation. On the other hand, it could also regarded as an response to the subliminal messages of her love and passion for Homer. As we know of love, through literature and real life, it could paint in our minds illusions of being easily loved back.Emily whitethorn have been genuinely convinced that she would someday marry Homer and that they would spend eternity in each others arms. The living Homer had rejected her proposal, she may have immediately though that the dead Homer may compromise. Moreover, she had set the dead body in a bed, a symbolism for marriage. In addition, it is implied that she had slept with the dead body of Homer. It is important to consider that the context of the story is a time period where the people are mostly conservatives, especially the aristocrats like Emilys family.It could be interpreted that she did not slept with the body out of mere lust, it could be something close to being love itself. Emilys life could be considered lacking love. The title, A Rose for Emily, suggests that she desperately needs to be loved. She loved her sorry lifestyle and her father who provides it for her. But when her father had passed away, she may have felt that all she loved had gone(p) to grave with her father, being left alone and a pauper, she had become humanized (366).Considering her mental state, she had found love in Homer, he does not want to be with her, it is just understandable that she would do anything to be with the one she loves. later on all, the topic at hand is love, a term and a concept with no satisfying definition. Even science admits that love is more than just chemical reactions. If we would delve further in this attempt to understand love, we might just end up mad like Emily. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. An insertion to Literature. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York Longman, 2001

The Superior Personality of Addams According to Psychologists Essay Example for Free

The Superior Personality of Addams According to Psychologists EssayThe superiority in Addams disposition marks her attractionship and fame. Famous psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, John Watson, and Otho value have explored theories to let off reasons for these superior char minuteeristics. According to Freud, a person is motivated to do something based on two locutions of the superego. The foremost is the ego which is the persons universe of what his/her parents leave behind approve, and the other is the conscience which embodies ones conception of what should be condemned. In our review of Addams spirit, we may request out how her father served as a outstanding influence in her actions. Her father, who served as a senator, basically provided the orientation to help other great deal, or to be of service to others. For Freud, the Electra complex could be at work here. Thus, Freudians would reasonably point out that Addams social demeano ur and achievements could have been dedicated in half towards pleasing father. Also, Addams had difficulty finding the same energy she had some medical school when her father passed away.Thus bereavement alike provoked her to find the real signifi flowerpotce of emotional state and her mission in the world. The other half could be dictated by her conscience to do as what the society told her. Raised in values by her father who admired Lincoln, Addams formed a conviction against racism and labor injustice, making her act against them, though it meant condemnation from other people in her society. The ego and the conscience worked together to bring out the leadership qualities that Addams possessed. Another famous psychological point of view to explain why a person excels highly above the rest is that of Carl Rogers.According to Rogers, people are basically good and healthy. He argued that peoples motives are governed by the force of life or the actualizing lean. Applying this to the personality of Addams, we may say that even at a young age, Addams ever so had an inclination to excel and achieve her beat. Like a plant which grows up, buds flowers, and bears fruit, Addams was subject to her own natural actualizing tendency. In her biography, we can note that although her father disapproved of her studying and eventually becoming a doctor, Addams still engage her life goal of being of service to others.Moreover, Rogers would also affirm that it was Addams nature to do what she felt best for the society and the world, which motivated her to do what she did. Furthermore, Rogers concept of positive self-regard tells us that Addams was provoked to act on the injustices in her society because she believed she could make a difference. Coming from a wealthy family, she knew what she had, which she could share with others. Going book binding to the time when she saw the outskirts of London, she was able to determine her purpose in life, and she was naturally led to her self-actualization.Likewise, Gordon Allport introduced a scheme on psychological maturity. He called this state as a well-developed proprium. According to Allport, a person has achieved this when s/he has specific, enduring extensions of self-involvement. In the community works rendered by Addams, we see how she endured the sacrifices of helping and educating others. Specifically, one of the women who worked at Hull House commented, She is very tired . . . of course she did not let that deter her from tearing about.She preached for the Methodists wear Sunday, entertained the Colored Women of the National Council (Mrs. Booker T. Washington et al) yesterday and later went to Winnetka . . . she runs over to Mrs. Jones-around to Mrs. Fiellras . . . up to Mrs. Kenyon-off with Mrs. Halderman, low to inquiring strangers (Davis, 1973, p. 82). Another characteristic of a person with well-developed proprium is having dependable techniques for warm-relating to others. This includes a persons perimeter and sympathy of others. The third characteristic is having emotional security which is very evident in Addams.Fourth is having habits of hard-nosed perception. When Jane saw the Toynbee Hall in London, she deciphered that the root cause of her own societys dilemma was, overaccumulation at one end of society, and destitution at the other (Bush, 1993, p. 49). Fifth, Allport also identified problem-centeredness as another characteristic. Evidently, Addams possessed this as she responded to the labor problems of the factory workers in her hometown. Sixth is self-objectification which is the ability to reflect on ones behavior.Although Addams was criticized and identified by the FBI as the most dangerous woman in the States during her time, she still fought for peace against all odds. The last characteristic was to have a unifying philosophy of life. By putting up the Hull House, Addams reached out not further to the poor but also to the rich by making them contrib ute to the Houses projects. Another psychologist who can offer translation to Addams leadership qualities is John Watson, the father of behaviorism. Exploring his theory, we may note that Addams personal qualities of being a leader were only her response to the stimuli given to her.Coming from a well-to-do family, Addams was affected by the sufferings she witnessed in her town, and this motivated her to act on the situation. Seeing the problems of the workers and the migrants, she responded to help alleviate their sufferings. Likewise, when America joined the World War I, she mainly reacted on the events happening, and voiced out her opposition with her idealistic regard for peace. While all these theories explain the superior leader in Addams, we may also expound on the theory of Otto Rank to explain another aspect of her personality.Breaking out from Freud, who was his mentor, Otto Rank extended the psychoanalytic theory by delving on myths, legend, and art. In particular, his i ntuitive feeling that people can be categorized as hero and artist can be employ to the personality of Addams. In his theory, Rank stated that some people can be categorized as artists. As an artist, this person sees reality as his own image, thus reconstructs it as he would himself. In addition, Rank argued that a true artist needs immortality which he can achieve by identifying with the collective will of his environment.Furthermore, he also emphasized that among artists, there is the productive typewho is also the genius and creativeto which Addams can be categorized. Remember that Addams used the liberal arts to relieve the sufferings of the workers in their town. Being able to teach arts and using it as a medium to attract people of their projects, we can say that the artist sample was fully evident in Addams. Unlike other artists who worked for division or fame, Addams chose to work for the best of her people. As such, her qualities exemplified the productive type that Rank theorized.The inspiration that Addams offers each of us, especially women, should always be remembered. Her life accomplished by breaking free from stereotyping, making both ends meet for the Hull House, opposing views of the majority regarding war, and servicing people finished her projects and writings, is what all of us should follow if we want to effect changes in our society. Although the explanations offered by theorists regarding her personality may vary, one thing remains constant life would not be the same without the contributions of Jane Addams.It is through her aspirations and idealism that America learned to recognize more the rights and sufferings of its people.ReferencesAddams, Jane. (1960). A Centennial Reader, ed. by E. C. Johnson. New York Macmillan Addams, Jane. (1910). cardinal Years at Hull-House. New York Macmillan Boeree, George. (2006). Personality Theories. Retrieved December 21 2007, from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/perscontents. html Bush, Malcolm . (1993). Jane Addams No Easy Heroine. stark Inquiry, 13 (4), Fall 48-49. Davis, Allen F. (1973). American Heroine The Life and Legend of Jane Addams. Oxford Press New York.DeMar Gary. (1988). Behaviorism. In Surviving College successfully A Complete Manual for the Rigors of Academic Combat. Wolgemuth Hyatt Publishers, Inc. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http//forerunner. com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism. html Haberman, Frederick. (1972). In Nobel Lectures, Peace 1926-1950. capital of The Netherlands Elsevier Publishing Company. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/addams-bio. html Lundblad, Karen Shafer. (1995). Jane Addams and tender Reform A Role Model for the 1990s. Social Work, 40 (5), September, 661-669

The Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic sickish dodgeThe autonomic neural System is a widespread system of nerves that innervates, with the exception of skeletal muscle, nearly every process in the body. This autonomic sickening System (ANS) is a completely unconscious process which is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, as well as having m every other functions such as subdue of digestion.The involuntary Nervous System was first discovered, and analyse by Walter Gaskell (Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick and Hall, 2001) who had his work on the ANS first published in 1916, two years afterward his death. He discovered that certain physiological effects, such as an increase in heart-rate, could be achieved by impact certain nerves outseting off from the first few thoracic spinal pile segments. Using this, and other similar studies, he wherefore theorized that each system in the body was innervated with two sets of nerves that had opposing functions (Purves, Augustine et al., 2001). These two sets of nerves we now know to be the philanthropic and Parasympathetic branches of the autonomic Nervous System though recently a third branch has been separated from the others and called the enteric Nervous System, which is found solely in the gut and the supporting features such as the Pancreas (Barker and Barasi, 1999).Although the ANS plays an unconscious process, it understructure nigh propagation be over-ridden by conscious thought one example of this is in breathing, although breathing happens automatically without any need for purposeful thought, it is possible to take control of your breathing, such as holding your breath, or exhaling forcefully (to inflate a balloon for example).As the Autonomic Nervous System is such an Coperni outhouse part of the skittish system, studying it and knowing how it works, and how it is controlled, is too very master(prenominal) in this essay I am going to talk about the three distinguishable branches of the Autonomic Nervous System and their functions and differences, and then explain how they argon regulated in the brain.The pitying Nervous SystemWhen we are faced with what our bodies overturn to be a threat we have to be prepared to, either stand and face the danger ( excite), or notice ourselves out the situation as quickly as possible (flight) this is the job of the Sympathetic Nervous System. These Fight or Flight responses are designed to give us as frequently of a physical advantage as possible, such as making sure enough group O is reaching our muscles as possible by increasing heart-rate and dilating blood vessels, saving energy by lag down lesser-needed processes such as digestion, dilating our pupils so we take in as much light as possible thus improving our vision, and makes our hairs stand on end so we look as sizeable and ferocious as possible all of these would have given us an edge over any predators we faced.The main nerve-trunks of the Sympathetic Nervous System leave the Central Nervous System from the Thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, this is likewise known as the thoraco-lumbar outflow (Bakewell,1995). The cell bodies of the Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones are found in the lateral horn of the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2. Some of these pre-ganglionic fibres of the Sympathetic Nervous System synapse with the post-ganglionic fibres in a long chain, known as the Sympathetic Chain, that runs the length of the spinal cord, although some have a separate ganglion outside this sympathetic chain from the ganglion, the post-ganglionic neurones then synapse with their target-organ. Post-ganglionic Sympathetic neurones have a very wide network of dendrites that are innervated by umpteen pre-ganglionic neurones but there are roughly 10 times as many post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones than pre-ganglionic neurones, this divergence is thought to aid with coordination of activeness between neurones projecting from different segments of the spin al cord (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell, 2000).The Parasympathetic Nervous SystemThe Parasympathetic Nervous System works in opposition to the Sympathetic Nervous System and therefore gives rise to Rest and Digest responses, which act to construct the energy stores that were depleted in the previous period of Sympathetic activity. These responses include slowing down the heart-rate, stimulating digestion, and constricting the pupils.The cell bodies of Parasympathetic Pre-ganglionic neurones are found mostly in the brain stem, with some in the sacral segments of the spinal cord. In the brainstem, these cell bodies are found in the EdingerWestphal nucleus in the midbrain, which is related to the oculomotor nerve, the Superior and Inferior Salivary nuclei found in the Pons, and related to the Facial nerve and Glossopharyngeal nerve, and in the Dorsal motor Nucleus of the Vagus nerve, in the medulla and the Nucleus Ambiguus. Because of the location of the cell-bodies of the Parasympathe tic Nervous System, the it depose also be called the Cranio-Sacral outflow (Bakewell, 1995).There are a few contrasts between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic, apart from their opposing actions the first and most obvious of these is that, in the sympathetic spooky system, all the preganglionic neurones are very short, most making synapses in a chain that runs very tightly fitting to the spinal cord, moment they have much longer post-synaptic neurones (as the pathway is disynaptic), whereas in the parasympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglionic neurones are much longer and almost reach their target organ before making a synapse with a post-ganglionic neurone. This is an important difference as pre-ganglionic neurones are myelinated and therefore conduct action potentials a stack faster than the unmyelinated post-ganglionic neurones, suggesting the the parasympathetic nervous system works slightly quicker than the sympathetic (Kandel et al. 2000). another (prenominal) difference is that there is a lot of divergence in the Sympathetic Nervous System, as antecedently discussed, whereas in the Parasympathetic Nervous System there is a lot less, with the ratio of Pre-Ganglionic Neurones to Postganglionic Neurones being 13, although this is highly dependant on the tissue as in some it is nearly a 11 ratio. Thirdly, both Pre-Gnaglionic and post-Ganglionic neurones in the Parasympathetic Nervous System use Acetyl Choline (ACh) as their Neurotransmitter, whereas Post-ganglionic neurones in the Sympathetic Nervous System use Noradrenaline this is important as it has lots of clinical applications for drugs that target specifically the Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Nervous System.The enteral Nervous SystemThe Enteric Nervous System is a unique branch of the Autonomic Nervous System that is found lie the sides of the digestive system, specifically the oesophagus, stomach, intestines and secretory glands such as the pancreas (Bear, Connors, a nd Paradiso, 2007). The Enteric Nervous System is responsible for the control of the tension of the walls of the gut and monitoring the ever-chaning chemical balance within the digestive system, these are highly important functions in digestion. The special property of the Enteric Nervous System is that it can act reasonably singly from the rest of the Central Nervous System, leading to it sometimes being referred to as The Little Brain. The cell bodies of the Enteric Nervous System are connected together in two major structures known as plexuses these are the myenteric plexus and the sub mucose plexus, these plexuses line the walls of the gut in two separate layers and control peristalsis, internal mucous levels and every other important cheek of the digestive system, including a role in secretion from the pancreas and cheekiness bladder. Though the Enteric Nervous System is a separate function of the Autonomic Nervous System that deals almost solely with the digestive process, it contains as many neurones as the entire spinal cord does, meaning it has a very. Unlike the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System which are limited to either 1 or 2 Neurotransmitters, the Enteric Nervous System has been shown to have as many as 20 possible Neurotransmitters, though they have yet to all be proven to act as Neurotransmitters in this system (Gershon, Kirchgessner and Wade, 1994). The Enteric Nervous System has also been shown to play a role in Immune Responses (Hansen, 2003).Higher Control of the Autonomic Nervous SystemAs the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System work, for the most part, in opposition to each other, there must be some high control coordinating them to work in harmony, and the first step of this is in the Nucleus of the unfrequented tract (Kandel et al. 2000) here, the nucleus receives afferent input from the Facial, Glossopharyngeal and Vagal nerve, and firstly sends this infor mation to both the brainstem and the spinal cord, where basic functions of the Autonomic Nervous System are carried out, but more cleverly, the Nucleus of the alone(p) Tract also takes in other information and combines it, the Nuclei of the Solitary tract also project to the Periaqueductal grey, which also receives information from the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal grey takes all this information and then projects to the Reticular Formation of the Medulla, where it controls the co-ordination between behavioural activity and the autonomic nervous system, and example of this is that when doing heavy exercise (behavioural), its important your heart-rate increase so your muscles can get a greater oxygen supply from the blood (autonomic). Another important control of the Autonomic Nervous System is in homeostasis, there needs to be cooperation between the baroreceptors or chemoreceptors for example, and the most useful branch of the autonomic nervous system, so hair can stand on end on glacial days to preserve heat, for example this is the job of the hypothalamus (Kandel et al. 2000) as the hypothalamus receives input from pretty much every sensory(prenominal) pathway in the body a dated study from Swanson and Sawchenko (1983) proved that the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus had descending pathways to the Autonomic Nervous System. As well as direct control over the Autonomic Nervous System, the Hypothalamus also has an indirect influence over it through the use of relays in other parts of the brain (Squire, Berg, Bloom, du Lac, Ghosh and Spitzer, 2008). In conclusion, the Autonomic Nervous System is a diverse and widespread system that innervates nearly every aspect of the body, meaning that a threatening stimulus can elicit a substantial range of responses passim the body, from increasing heart rate to diverting blood from the gut and widening blood vessels, this means that the whole body is very quickly and efficiently prepared to face the dang er, and then the entire body can quickly calm down again to replenish resources and not only this, but because of its connections with the hypothalamus and other higher centres, the Autonomic Nervous System isnt limited to reacting to physical changes, such as body temperature, but it can react to even mental stimuli such as emotions or the anticipation of something. This is important in evolutionary terms, there is little point in reacting to a danger once it has already causes damage so the heightened physical performance needs to come in anticipation of a danger, so that when the danger presents itself, the fight or flight response is at its strongest. As this is such an important process in the body, many studies have been carried out into it, and continue to be carried out, and much work is being done on diseases of the Autonomic Nervous System, as, obviously, they have such a dramatic effect on the sufferer.ReferencesBakewell, S., (1995) The Autonomic Nervous System. mulish P rocedures 5(5)Barker, R., A. and Barasi, S. (1999) Neuroscience at a Glance, Blackwell PublishingBear, M. F., Connor B. W. and Paradiso, M. A. (2007) Neuroscience Exploring the Brain, Lippincott Williams Wilkins a Wolters Kluwer businessGershon M. D., Kirchgessner A.L. and Wade P.R., (1994) Functional anatomy of the enteric nervous system, Springer Berlin HeidelbergHansen, M. B., (2003) The Enteric Nervous System II Gastrointestinal functions. Pharmacology Toxicology, 92(6) 249-257Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. and Jessell, T. M., (2000) Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill MedicalPurves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W. C., (2008) Neuroscience quaternate Edition, SinauerRaj K. Goyal, M.D., and Ikuo Hirano, M.D., (1996) Mechanisms of disease the enteric nervous system. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334(17) 1106-1115Squire, L.R., Berg, D., Bloom, F.E., Du Lac, S., Ghosh, A. and Spitzer, N.C., (2008) Fundamental Neuroscience 3rd Edition, ElsevierSwans on, L. W. and Sawchenko, P.E, (1983) Hypothalamic integration placement of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Ann. Rev. Neuroscience 6 269-324